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81 pages 2 hours read

Howard Fast

April Morning

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 1961

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Chapters 7-8Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 7 Summary: “The Afternoon”

Joseph and Adam march toward Lexington. Adam again declares that he is sick of war and wishes it to be over. Joseph says that there will be no diplomatic or reasonable end to the conflict now that people have died. He predicts that the war will not end until the colonials have won and the British “ships sail away from here and leave us in peace in our own land” (160).

Someone reports that Lexington is burning, and there is a large amount of smoke over the village. Both Adam and Joseph are alarmed, unaware in the moment that only three houses are on fire, none of which are their own. There is talk of attacking the British in Lexington, but nothing comes of it, as the militia realize the British are most formidable when attacked directly and in the open without cover.

Some Committeemen arrive with a force of 100 men. They plan to ambush the 1,500 British who are currently in Lexington when the British march back to Boston that evening. Adam and his comrades follow this new militia. In Adam’s words, “we were in the grip of a force outside of ourselves” (164). The ambush never materializes, however, as the British have already begun to withdraw. The militia content themselves with doing more of the same, firing at the lines of British from thickets and stone walls, and then shifting position.

Adam fires once, then realizes his birdshot cannot do any good from his hiding place, as the range is too far. He crawls away from the front lines and falls asleep. He awakens an hour later, and he hears Joseph Simmons and the reverend looking for him, fearing him dead.

When they find Adam, they head back to Lexington together. The battle has moved on to Boston without them. When Adam returns home, Levi greets him first, crying. Someone had told them that Adam was killed in battle. His mother embraces him tearfully. The house is full of people, including Ruth and her mother. Adam is led into the room containing his father’s body by Mrs. Cartwright, whom Adam dislikes intensely. She tells him to “pay [his] respects” (172), and he tells her to leave the room. She leaves, and Adam sees that the body holds nothing significant anymore. He determines that he will not remember his father like this.

Adam returns to the kitchen. Levi relates the day’s events while Adam bathes. Adam is upset to hear that the British took their horses. He tells Levi that they will have to grow up and take on responsibility now that Moses is dead. Once Adam is dressed, he helps Joseph and others take the coffin to the meetinghouse. On the way he sees the remains from the battle on the common. He realizes that he has “parted with childhood and boyhood forever” (182).

They put Moses’s coffin with the others in the meetinghouse. A journalist tries to interview Adam, and another man gives a speech, but he puts off the former and falls asleep to the latter. Joseph finds him and tells him not to build his father into a saint in his memory, or “you will lose him” (185). He says his father had good qualities as well as frustrating ones, but that he died well.

Joseph then points out that a new muster book is being prepared. The colonists want 5,000 men for the siege of Boston. Adam asks if Joseph if plans on signing, and Joseph explains that the decision is difficult for him, as he is the sole blacksmith in Lexington, and people rely on him. Joseph notes that Adam has some choices to make as well, for now there is a war. He tells Adam to go to bed; they will meet again in the morning.

Chapter 8 Summary: “The Evening”

Adam walks across the common after leaving Joseph, remembering a game he played as a child in that space. The game was called Pontiac, and it involved “redcoats” and “Indians” and trying to dodge a ball. The last Indian not hit by a ball was allowed to “scalp” a redcoat, tearing off a lock of hair from the boy. Adam thinks of this game and his childhood, but by the time he returns home, he has “surrendered” these memories (192).

The house is once again full of neighbors. Adam’s mother and the women are cooking, and they insist that Adam have dinner. He remembers that when he was considered a child, his mother used to chastise him for eating too much, but now as a man they are concerned he is not getting enough. Levi has once again polished Adam’s gun; he now looks up to Adam as the man of the house. Ruth is there as well, watching Adam.

Sarah insists that Adam take candles to the meetinghouse, even though Adam assures her that the reverend has candles lit within. On the way out of the house he sees Ruth waiting for him. She kisses him and tells him how distraught she was when she thought he had been killed. She asks what the battle was like and if he shot anyone. Adam tells her of the confusion of battle, and how in the end he does not think he killed anyone. She asks if he wanted to, and he confides that at first he did, but not for long, as he could not work up that much hatred. Ruth is happy about that. She reveals that she witnessed the bayoneting of Jonas Parker in the massacre.

On the way to the meetinghouse they meet the reverend, who tells Adam that he sees him as a man now. He encourages Adam to remember that his first duty is to his mother now, and not to feel pressured into signing up for the battle in Boston.

Ruth and Adam enter the meetinghouse. They place the candles there and stay a while. Ruth weeps, and then they leave for her home. At the doorway to her house she asks Adam if he loves her. He considers this carefully, decides that he does, and tells her so. Ruth avers that her love for him will never change, even if the war lasts forever. They kiss again, and Adam goes home.

Once home, Adam does all the chores his father usually did before bedtime. Granny helps Sarah to bed, and then it is just her and Adam. She asks if Adam is planning on joining the battle. Adam says he is not sure yet but admits he is considering it.

Adam then goes to bed himself, saying a prayer of thankfulness that the day has finally drawn to a close.

Chapters 7-8 Analysis

These final chapters entail the winding down of the first battle of the Revolutionary War. Adam is finally able to rest and reflect upon the consequences of the day’s events, for his family, for his country, and for his future in relation to both.

The previous two chapters focused on the forging of Adam’s character. The final two are concerned with Adam putting to rest the last vestiges of his childhood in a manner that is largely internal and wholly intentional. From the moment he arrives back at home, Adam is adjusting to his father’s absence and changing his perspective and routines to do his best to fill the gap his father has left.

The arrival of adulthood necessarily signals the death of childhood. Twice in these chapters Adam is presumed dead, first by the reverend and Joseph Simmons, and then by his immediate family. Their mourning is proven premature both times, but the point is made that Adam’s boyhood is a casualty of war as much as any body left out on the field.

The sudden prevalence of physical death in Adam’s life and community, and its larger implications, comes fully into view in these chapters. In Adam’s words, “All my life long, death had only touched me lightly, but I had lived all day with death today” (173).

Moses’s absence reconfigures the spiritual and intellectual relationship between Adam and the family matriarchs, Sarah and Granny. When Sarah expresses her belief that it was not the soldiers but “the awful hand of Jehovah” that had destroyed the British soldiers (echoing Chandler’s words earlier in the day), Adam does not argue or protest as he may have done before. Rather, he is relieved that she has not changed her views, accepting this as normative in the family. In this way Adam steps into his father’s shoes, philosophically accepting the Christian faith in the family while not adhering to its tenets himself.

Joseph Simmons continues to play the role of father figure after they return to Lexington. It is revealed here that Joseph is somewhat agnostic about the afterlife (184), an indication that he shares more of Moses’s spiritual outlook than perhaps he lets on publicly. Equally telling, he expresses a fear of Goody Simmons when he tells Adam this, which correlates to Moses’s theory that men are more afraid of women than they are of God.

The final chapter is brief, functioning to cement Adam’s new position as a man in his community. The opening story of the Pontiac game speaks to Adam’s intentionality, as he is remembering aspects of his childhood and then letting them go, albeit reluctantly. Most of the final chapter has Ruth and Adam together, speaking and acting in an intimate fashion as a husband and wife would. At the very close of the chapter, however, Adam again remembers that he got to experience his father’s love before he died, and then he tells Granny that he probably will have to go to war at some point. These are appropriate themes to close the novel, as it is Adam’s relationship with his father and the outbreak of war that have driven the plot through all eight chapters.

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By Howard Fast