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Edwidge DanticatA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Edwidge’s father continues to deteriorate, and he is “becoming agitated, panicked at times” (204), so his doctor refers him to another pulmonologist, giving Mira new hope. Edwidge reluctantly informs him that Joseph and Maxo are in Krome. The reports from Joseph’s initial medical screening describe him as “composed, friendly and ‘purposeful’” (205), but by the end of the day his blood pressure rises dramatically, and he spends the night in the prison’s medical facility. Edwidge contacts Ira Kurzban, a lawyer working with immigrant clients, and he sends his associate, John Pratt, to look into matters. After a long wait, Pratt informs Edwidge that Joseph’s “credible fear” hearing has been scheduled for the next day. Joseph calls her from prison, and Edwidge can only offer words of encouragement.
During the asylum hearing, Joseph experiences a seizure and vomits violently, and then “my uncle’s body grew rigid and cold, his arms falling limply at his side” (211). A nurse and medic arrive only after 15 minutes and find Joseph “almost comatose,” but the medic determines that Joseph is faking his seizure and, as they put him into a wheelchair, accuses him of not cooperating. Later in the day, his condition worsens, and he is moved, shackled, to Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami. That same morning, Edwidge’s father leaves his house for the first time in nine weeks for his medical examination. Asked by the doctor if he is willing to sign the Do Not Resuscitate document, he acquiesces, saying, “There’s already been enough suffering” (215).
Joseph arrives to the hospital at 1:00pm. His urine shows blood and a high level of glucose, and his blood contains a high number of white cells. His gallbladder and liver function abnormally. At 5:00pm, they transfer him to a prison ward, stating he is ambulatory and without acute distress. The next morning his heart rate rises dangerously, and the physician sees him for the first time a full day after he arrived. An abdominal ultrasound shows fluid around the liver. His consent form states, “PATIENT UNABLE TO SIGN” (217). At 8:30pm the guard finds him “pulseless and unresponsive” (218), and he is pronounced dead at 8:46pm (218).
Edwidge remembers how in 1975 Uncle Joseph contracted malaria and almost died. When Edwidge and the other children went to visit him in the hospital, he mistook them for his dead siblings and relatives. Now, he died all alone, and Edwidge finds out about his death only after midnight. When her mother informs Mira about his brother’s death, he takes it calmly and without a word: “It was, she said, as if he already knew” (221).
The family makes the decision to inter Joseph at a cemetery in Queens, New York. Edwidge recounts Joseph’s early memory when, in 1933, near the end of the US occupation of Haiti, he came down from his village in the mountains to the city on an errand and saw the white army men for the first time, catching them beating up a Haitian. The mortician advises the pregnant Edwidge not to view her uncle’s body, although she feels “the dead and the new life were already linked, through my blood, through me” (226), and she enters to look at Joseph’s face, which “appeared anxious and shocked” (227). During the funeral, Mira’s deathly look causes more shock among the mourners than Joseph’s remains. Barely standing, he whispers to his brother, “I will see you soon” (228). Edwidge feels her uncle will now forever be in exile, and her father adds, “If our country were ever given a chance and allowed to be a country like any other, none of us would live or die here” (228).
Edwidge compares a stage in childbirth, transition, when the baby turns to pass through the birth canal, with exiting life as a person prepares for death. As opposed to her own birth, which almost happened in a pebbled yard outside the maternity ward in Port-au-Prince, Edwidge’s daughter Mira, named after her father, is born in a modern hospital. Looking at her daughter, Edwidge feels the long line of her Haitian ancestors within her: “Today is not just her day, but all of ours” (232).
Three weeks later, she and Fedo bring Mira to meet her dying grandfather, and he insists Edwidge take a picture of him with baby Mira, “for posterity.” He is touched that she bears his name; “even when I’m gone, the name will stay behind” (233). The family gathers around the dying man, taking care of him. A few days after Edwidge returns to Miami, her father dies. She believes “he did not want me to hold Mira with one hand and his corpse with the other” (239). She recalls one of Granmè Melina’s stories about a woman wishing to bring her father back from the dead, which ends with the moral that “when one is alive, one is alive, but when one is dead, one is dead” (241). Edwidge still likes to imagine her uncle and her father walking and talking peacefully together in the afterlife.
Chapter 20 announces that the memoir is nearing its finale through the brutal yet unflinching portrayal of both Edwidge’s father’s illness and her uncle’s rapidly deteriorating health, since the brothers are the emotional heart of the story. As Danticat focuses on Uncle Joseph’s last days, she eschews sentiment and pathos for a detailed and well-documented analysis of the events that led to his demise in Chapters 21 and 22. The reader can only passively observe the sequence of events that each on its own contribute to Joseph’s death. This technique of deliberate emotional distancing is effective because it allows the author to remain focused on the wider ethical and political issues she wishes to examine through his case—the unjust and biased treatment of Haitian immigrants by the US government—while also helping Danticat cope with putting on paper the terrible fate of her beloved uncle. Even though Danticat removes herself as Edwidge the character from this sequence of events, her authorial persona allows us entry into the tiniest details of her uncle’s humiliation and suffering.
Through these chapters, Danticat also does not shy away from showing signs of anger at how things played out for her uncle. However, through quoting her father’s words in Chapter 23—“If our country were ever given a chance and allowed to be a country like any other, none of us would live or die here” (228)—she shows us that this anger is not just on behalf of her family but of all the Haitian people who have suffered a similar fate. In this sense, her uncle’s death becomes an emblem for the troubles of Haiti, as one of the many unfortunate countries that have fallen victim to stronger outside forces seeking political, economic, and other gains by abusing their positions. Danticat emphasizes this additionally through a brief scene of Uncle Joseph’s memory of seeing white men beating a helpless Haitian, indicating the troubles have lasted a long time and are not over. There is a strong indication throughout the memoir that it is this constant outside influence and meddling into the affairs of Haiti that has kept the country in perpetual turmoil.
In Chapters 20 and 23, Danticat juxtaposes and parallels Uncle Joseph’s experience with that of her father’s. Even though her father has led a relatively calm existence in the US for over 30 years, his failing health comes at the same time as his brother’s death, as if confirming how inextricably linked they are. The news of his brother’s death unquestionably exacerbates Mira’s illness, even though he accepts it calmly. Even though he has spent his adult life in the US, Mira is a proud Haitian, and the events surrounding Joseph’s death only remind him of the tragedy of his country and the troubles that have been plaguing it for centuries. Through his behavior, Danticat implies that Mira expected his brother to die, because as a Haitian he has learned to always expect the worse.
The author also positions her father’s end of life as a sharp contrast (or perhaps an existential changing of place) with the birth of her daughter, symbolically named Mira. In this way, the circle of life keeps completing itself, and the arrival of a new member of the family alleviates somewhat the tragedy of losing a parent. Having met his granddaughter, Mira fades away, almost as if he has waited for the ritual of exchange of souls to be complete before joining his brother, which is what Danticat chooses as the last image of her memoir: her father and her uncle, reunited in the afterlife, free of earthy troubles.
By Edwidge Danticat