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66 pages 2 hours read

Jessica Hagedorn

Dogeaters

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1990

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Part 1, Chapters 13-24Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1: “Coconut Palace”

Part 1, Chapter 13 Summary: “Heroin”

Joey looks back on his time with an American tourist named Neil, who was deeply smitten with him. Joey, feeling in control, played into Neil’s infatuation. During their time together, Neil introduced Joey to his friend Phil, who was curious to explore a sex show. Joey had Uncle arrange a special viewing. The show highlighted a man sporting a tattoo of a weeping Madonna and a girl who appeared distinctly uneasy, eventually breaking down in tears afterward.

Back at the Hilton Hotel with Neil, Joey casually suggests ordering room service. While watching a game show on TV featuring amateur singers, Neil proposes that Joey should audition. Although the suggestion annoys Joey, he secretly thinks he could outshine the contestants with his charisma. As Romeo Rosales sings on the show, Joey teases Neil, implying that Romeo is his type, which irritates Neil. Neil, growing impatient, urges Joey to decide on his food order.

Andres gives Joey a postcard from Neil, now back in the United States. The postcard features the Sands Casino in Las Vegas, where Joey got his surname. The postcard brings a smile to Joey’s face, and he keeps it with him for several months. He asks Andres to help him draft a reply, but his attention is soon captured by a group of Australians walking into the bar.

Part 1, Chapter 14 Summary: “Her Mother, Rita Hayworth”

Delores Gonzaga shares with Rio the story of her birth, describing a solitary and challenging labor in a dilapidated Catholic hospital. During the ordeal, Delores envisioned a hairy ape at the foot of her bed, a figure that had appeared to her since the birth of her son Raul. Uncertain whether it’s an angel or a demon and noting its resemblance to Agustin, Delores nonetheless regards it as her guardian angel, her only comfort during that difficult time.

The story then moves to a present-day scene in Delores’s dressing room. While Rio and Delores enjoy the company of Salvador and Uncle Panchito, Freddie disapproves of them, criticizing the absence of a “real” female dressmaker. Panchito enjoys donning women’s clothing and is known for winning beauty contests. He attends these events alongside Delores, who gifts him high heels and cosmetics.

Delores meticulously avoids the sun and uses numerous products to maintain her youthful appearance. As Rio’s birthday approaches, she reluctantly tries on dresses, leading to a conflict that results in Delores sending Rio to her room. This incident sparks a fierce argument between Delores and Freddie about Rio’s behavior. While Delores is aware of Freddie’s affair, he seems oblivious to her relationship with Jaime Oliveira, the Brazilian ambassador. At her mother’s parties, Rio observes Delores and Jaime; they rarely talk, but Delores laughs more in his presence.

Panchito expresses concern for Delores, who spends much of her time secluded in her mauve dressing room, shielded from sunlight to prevent wrinkles. Rio, meanwhile, is captivated by her mother’s array of beauty products, perfumes, and lavish trinkets.

Part 1, Chapter 15 Summary: “High Society”

The Gonzaga family hosts a grand welcome party for Rio’s paternal grandmother, Abuelita Socorro, who has arrived from Spain. She is accompanied by Freddie’s brother, Cristobal. The visit is a significant event, with the family lavishing a great deal of attention and care on Abuelita, which overwhelms Rio. Uncle Cristobal harbors expectations of inheriting the majority of Abuelita’s estate upon her passing, whereas Delores suspects that Abuelita might leave it to the church.

To cater to Abuelita’s preferences, the family cook prepares a lavish spread of her favorite dishes. Rio, however, chooses to wait until the feast concludes and the guests have dispersed before she joins Lola to eat privately. Throughout the party, Rio observes her mother, admiring Delores’s prowess as a hostess.

Despite her strong Spanish persona, Abuelita Socorro shares as much Filipino heritage as Lola. Her late husband, Abuelito, having called Spain home, ultimately returned to Manila in his final days.

Part 1, Chapter 16 Summary: “Surrender”

General Ledesma, in a show of dominance, forcefully pulls Lolita Luna’s hair, causing her pain. During their meeting, he eats balut, which repulses Lolita; she requests him not to bring it, but Ledesma bluntly reminds her that he is the one paying the rent. Ledesma, drinking, expresses a desire for Lolita to sit on his lap. Instead, Lolita puts on some music and retreats to the bathroom.

Frustrated by Lolita’s absence, the General threatens to shoot down the bathroom door. Lolita eventually comes out, under the influence and undressed. She confronts him about the tortures at his camps, a question that clearly disturbs him, causing him to dismiss the subject as “morbid.” He warns her against accepting any more gifts from Severo Alacran.

Pushing boundaries further, Lolita asks about Ledesma’s wife, a topic he considers off-limits. His response is aggressive; he lunges at her, accusing her of drug use, then overpowers her and confesses his love.

Part 1, Chapter 17 Summary: “Avila Arrested in Human Rights Rally Dispute”

A newspaper article details the arrest of Senator Domingo Avila and several human rights protesters. The group, including Senator Avila and members of his family, was apprehended for orchestrating a mock trial outside the American Embassy. The trial, organized by human rights activists, aimed to draw attention to the alleged human rights violations committed by several high-ranking officials of the Special Squadron, including Lieutenant Colonel Oswaldo Carreon.

Among those arrested were not only Senator Avila but also his sister, his wife, his niece, and others involved in the protest. The seriousness of their situation is underscored by the mention that, if convicted, they could face up to 10 years in prison.

Part 1, Chapter 18 Summary: “Sleeping Beauty”

Daisy Avila’s father, Senator Domingo Avila, is a prominent leftist politician known for his vocal opposition to the government’s authoritarian practices. Despite circulating rumors about a potential assassination plot against him, the President dismisses these speculations, arguing that the very fact of Senator Avila’s survival disproves his criticisms of the government.

Daisy decides to participate in a state-run beauty pageant, finding herself competing against the daughters of her father’s political adversaries. While her father supports her decision to enter the pageant, her mother Maria Luisa, a professor, disapproves of such events and chooses not to attend. Contrary to expectations, Daisy emerges as the winner of the pageant.

In a separate narrative thread, the fortune teller La Sultana delivers a grim prophecy to Santos Tirador, foretelling his death.

Part 1, Chapter 19 Summary: “One Christmas in a Mountain Lodge up in Baguio, Date Unknown”

Rio’s mother, Delores, expresses her confusion about the ongoing conflicts among the wealthy and powerful families in the Philippines. She wonders why, considering many of these politicians and upper-class men are related to each other, they can’t simply resolve their differences and get along. This situation has led several of her family members, including Cristobal, to choose to live in Spain instead.

Part 1, Chapter 20 Summary: “Epiphany”

Following her coronation, Daisy Avila sinks into a severe depression, struggling with sleeplessness and constant crying. 

Daisy’s role as a beauty queen brings with it a slew of responsibilities, including interacting with fans, attending public events, and being in the limelight. Her depression, however, severely hampers her ability to meet these expectations, and her struggles begin to cast a negative light on both her and her family. Her sister, Aurora, is perplexed by Daisy’s sadness, her father is overwhelmed and tries to change his phone number, and her mother angrily confronts those who call their home.

The pageant sponsors express their displeasure with Daisy’s inability to fulfill her duties and the First Lady of the Philippines publicly criticizes Daisy on television, accusing her of disgracing the country. This rebuke further amplifies the pressure Daisy faces.

Journalists swarm around Daisy’s home, fueling the rumor mill. Speculations range from Daisy being pregnant to being having a drug addiction. Amidst this turmoil, Daisy yearns for the relief of sleep, lying in bed in a state of restlessness, her sadness evolving into a deep sense of unease.

Part 1, Chapter 21 Summary: “Breaking Spells”

Daisy Avila takes a bold step by criticizing the beauty pageant and the First Lady on a live TV interview, calling it a setback for women. This move wins her some supporters, but also lands a band, who wrote a song about her, in trouble—their song gets banned and they end up in jail.

During this time, Daisy meets Malcolm Webb, a foreign banker, and they get married. The marriage is short-lived, Malcolm ultimately leaves her and returns to Europe. This leads to Daisy becoming the subject of more negative media attention.

Part 1, Chapter 22 Summary: “In the Artist’s House”

Daisy decides to visit her cousin Clarita, who is known for being a radical artist. Clarita’s artwork is notable for its bold themes that intertwine sexuality and political statements. Daisy holds a deep admiration for her cousin’s artistry, feeling somewhat naive in comparison. 

Clarita’s choice of subject matter in her art, has led to disapproval from her parents. However, despite the familial discord, Domingo, Daisy’s father, stands in support of his niece. He appreciates Clarita’s artistic endeavors and encourages her pursuits.

It is through Clarita that Daisy is introduced to Santos Tirador, marking the beginning of a new chapter in her life.

Part 1, Chapter 23 Summary: “Excerpt from the Only Letter Ever Written by Clarita Avila”

Clarita writes a letter to Daisy about Santos. Clarita calls Santos a good guy and suspects that he has a crush on Daisy, cautioning her of how dangerous being with him could be. Clarita also suggests that Daisy should consider running away with him, but warns her it will cause suffering.

Part 1, Chapter 24 Summary: “Jungle Chronicle”

This chapter is a brief quotation from Jean Mallat’s The Philippines, which describes the significance of seemingly minor events in Filipino culture. He mentions examples like the song of the tic-tic bird or a snake appearing in the house as having a profound impact on the emotional state of Filipinos, implying that they are superstitious.

Part 1, Chapters 13-24 Analysis

Through foreshadowing and the emergence of resistance on multiple fronts, the end of Part 1 builds narrative tension. The Role of Women in a Postcolonial Patriarchy continues to be a focus, with characters like Daisy Avila and Lolita Luna, who epitomize different facets of women’s experiences in this context. Daisy is the glorified beauty queen, and Lolita is the objectified actress. Their experiences illustrate the consequences faced by women who diverge from their expected societal roles. For instance, Lolita’s direct and sexual remarks disrupt the General’s perception of her, ruining his immersive experience, which showcases the fragile balance women must maintain. This interaction highlights the societal expectation for women to conform to a specific archetype, in this case, the Madonna-Whore dichotomy.

The recurrent motif of beauty and the pressure to remain youthfully attractive significantly shape the portrayal of female characters. Rio’s mother, with her intense focus on maintaining her appearance, personifies the societal expectations imposed on women. Delores’s secluded mauve dressing room, adorned with beauty products, “her perfumes, her jewelry boxes inlaid with pearls and carnelian” (108), becomes a symbol of her religion, and the entrenched belief that beauty equates to morality, a standard disproportionately expected of women. This portrayal underscores the notion that women are valued primarily for their appearance, a commodity in the patriarchal market. Her admonitions about “cancer, old age, and the perils of ugliness” (106), further highlight the unrealistic beauty standards imposed by a patriarchal society, where a woman’s worth is inextricably linked to her physical attractiveness.

Daisy Avila’s character embodies a powerful counter-narrative to traditional gender roles. Her outspoken criticism of the beauty pageant and the First Lady defies her society’s conventional expectations of women. The government’s response to her actions, epitomized by the censorship of “Femme Fatale” and the silencing of Juan Tamad band, illustrates the extent of the authoritarian regime’s efforts to suppress dissent and control artistic expression.

Clarita’s art, depicting sexually explicit scenes: “shocking miniature landscapes of bright yellow demons with giant erect penises hovering over sleeping women” (141), becomes a statement against the commodification of women’s bodies. The use of demonic imagery in juxtaposition with male genitalia over vulnerable women not only criticizes the objectification prevalent in a postcolonial patriarchy but also integrates religious imagery to suggest a moral judgment. This representation resonates with the novel’s developing narrative on the “Mother” and the role of women in a postcolonial context, portraying men as aggressors and women as the innocent casualties of a deeply flawed social order.

Hagedorn builds a sense of political tension through the use of foreshadowing, adding a layer of anticipation and foreboding. This is exemplified in La Sultana’s ominous prediction about Santos Tirador’s fate, which not only foreshadows his demise but also mirrors the growing unrest and political strife in the narrative. This omen is further intensified when Clarita warns that despite being with Santos is the best thing for her, it will also cause her harm.

The arrest of Senator Avila and his “leftist cohorts” for challenging the government underscores the increasing authoritarian grip on the society. This symbolizes the increasing suppression of dissent and the shrinking space for political opposition. The government’s response to criticism and opposition highlights the extent to which the regime will go to maintain power and control, and the narrative effectively captures the oppressive atmosphere pervading the society.

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