43 pages • 1 hour read
J. G. BallardA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The next day, Jim wakes up to discover that all the Japanese soldiers are gone, having “vanished during the night” (231). Jim sees that Mr. Maxted is dead; in lying beside him, Jim saved himself from going on the march forced upon the other survivors who could still stand. A man enters the stadium and tells Jim that the war is over, and that the US have dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. Jim now realizes that the strange, silent flash of intense light he saw the previous night was the flash from one of these bombs exploding on Nagasaki.
Jim leaves the stadium and, believing it is too dangerous to walk alone to Shanghai given his weakened state, walks back to Lunghua airfield. There, as he searches among the planes, he sees a teenage kamikaze pilot. Jim follows the pilot who gives him a mango before striking Jim and directing him toward the perimeter fence.
Jim sees some B-29 American bombers dropping food supplies around the airfield. Jim recovers one of the packages, finding spam, chocolate, powdered milk, and copies of Reader’s Digest. He sees former British prisoners with rifles chasing two Japanese soldiers, one of whom he recognizes as Private Kimura from the camp. Jim watches Kimura get shot.
Jim decides to return to Lunghua camp. There, he is met by an angry British man, Lieutenant Price, who was part of the group of British men who shot Private Kimura. Price does not want to let Jim into the camp but is distracted by the sight of another American supply drop nearby. As Price and some others head off to collect this, Jim is let in by another man, Mr. Tulloch. Jim goes into the camp guardhouse and is later questioned by an agitated Price about possible supplies at the Nantao stadium. Jim believes that Price was tortured by the Japanese and that he wants to express his anger about this by attacking someone.
Jim wanders around the now half-abandoned camp. He visits his old room and describes how it holds a smell that he had never noticed before, “at once enticing and ambiguous” (256), which he realizes is the scent of Mrs. Vincent’s body. Jim then visits the hospital, wishing Dr. Ransome was still there. He watches as flies devour the corpses on the bunks. Finally, he goes into the garden and wonders whether he should water the plants again, before eating two remaining tomatoes.
Jim reflects on how Shanghai and the surrounding countryside “was locked into a zone where there was neither war nor peace, a vacuum that would soon be filled by every warlord and disaffected general in China” (259). Thus, Jim resolves to stay at Lunghua camp where there is a modicum of safety. He even plans to “reserve” a room there for his parents. However, Mr. Tulloch insists that Jim leave the camp, and he is put on a truck, driven by Price and Tulloch, allegedly heading to Shanghai.
On the way to Shanghai, Price and Tulloch take a detour to Nantao stadium, tempted by Jim’s suggestion that there is plenty of alcohol and ammunition to be looted there. However, on approaching the stadium they see a group of men being chased by Chinese Nationalist soldiers. In the confusion, Tulloch is shot and killed by the Nationalists, and Price runs away. Jim hides in the truck but is later found by the first group of men, who turn out to be bandits. One of them strikes Jim. As Jim recovers from the blow, he notices that one of the bandits is Basie, although at first Basie does not acknowledge him.
Jim is saved by Basie from being killed by the leader of the bandits, Captain Soong, a former officer in the Chinese puppet army for the Japanese. Jim is taken on one of the bandit’s trucks alongside several Chinese men, a French man, and some Australians. Yet he is treated as “no more than a dog” (271) and sent ahead to scout and draw fire when the group raids towns. When they raid a communist controlled village to the south of Lunghua, they witness the nationalist navy shelling the village and its inhabitants. Basie then notices the outline of an American cruiser pulling up in Whangpoo river next to Shanghai, signaling the arrival of the US military in the city.
Crossing the Whangpoo River from Pootung near the Nantao stadium, amidst shelling from the Nationalist armies, Basie and the other surviving five bandits leave Jim in the truck as they search for loot. Assuming that they are not coming back for him, Jim decides to leave them and to try and make it to Shanghai alone. As he relaxes in a field, Jim notices what looks like the corpse of the Japanese pilot who earlier gave him a melon.
Jim considers burying the Japanese pilot, then tries feeding him a piece of spam which Jim suddenly feels disgusted by. The corpse’s mouth appears to move when Jim does this, and this leads Jim to believe that he has acquired the power to raise the dead. Later that day, Jim sees men in US army helmets by the control tower at Lunghua airfield. He then runs to Lunghua camp and the camp hospital where he sees Dr. Ransome in a new US uniform and surgical mask. Ransome hugs Jim and explains that his parents are still alive and waiting for him.
Two months have passed since Jim returned to Amherst Avenue with his parents. As he prepares to get on a ship that will take him to England with his mother, he reflects on that time. After he recovered, Jim repeatedly visited the cinema in Shanghai. He also went to Lunghua camp, which was still inhabited by some British families, but the hospital and cemetery were closed. As Jim boards the ship, he realizes that he is probably leaving Shanghai and China for the last time. However, as he says, “only part of his mind would leave Shanghai” (298); the rest of it would be bound to that city for the rest of his life.
Lying in a field near Lunghua airfield, Jim sees the body of the pilot who earlier gave him a melon. In one of the novel’s strangest scenes, after feeling disgusted with a piece of spam, Jim tries feeding it to this “corpse.” This causes the pilot’s teeth to close around his finger, leading Jim to jump away, “aware that the corpse of this Japanese was about to sit up and consume him” (288). Stranger still, Jim believes that by touching the man he had “brought him to life” (288), and that with this act he has acquired the power to raise others from the dead. It is important to account for this event. On a prosaic interpretation, the pilot was still alive. Jim noticed the man’s head nodding before and admits later “probably the youth had been dying, and Jim’s movements in the grass had woken him” (297). It is at least possible that the impression of a resurrection was simply the last instinctive movements of a man semi-conscious and on the brink of death.
Yet extreme hunger, along with the accumulated stress of living in constant fear for his life, may have pushed Jim over the edge. Along with years of witnessing but repressing the horrors of war, such as starving people and mutilated corpses, Jim’s experience of a resurrection is a reaction to this. It is his mind’s attempt to make sense of the horror he has encountered. In this instance, it does so by directly connecting Jim with the world of the dead which he has long existed alongside. It also connects and identifies Jim with the pilot in whom he had invested so much value. As Jim says, “he had needed the pilot to help him survive the war, the imaginary twin he had invented, a replica of himself” (286). For Jim, the pilot represents the remaining meaning and hope he has in life. It is the ideal of valor in combat and the possibility of escape from the banality and horror of the war and its end. As such, reanimating the pilot is his mind’s attempt to preserve meaning and hope at a moment when all that seems lost. The pilot’s resurrection is an attempt to save and resurrect himself.
At the same time, the experience is a reaction to the deepening chaos around him. Despite its danger and privations, Lunghua camp offered structure and order to Jim’s life. In contrast, the world outside the camp after the so-called “peace” is characterized by the breakdown of any ordering principle. Bandits, soldiers of all stripes, and former internees roam the countryside killing and looting at will. Food falls inexplicably out of the sky. And the once invincible Japanese are reduced to prisoners and victims. As Jim says, “one of the Japanese who guarded him for so many years” was “beaten to death in one of his own cells” (252). Meanwhile, Jim himself sits behind the camp commandant’s desk. This process of dissolution is symbolized most starkly by the flash of the atom bomb Jim sees from Nantao. As one man says, “Uncle Sam threw a piece of the sun at Nagasaki and Hiroshima” (234). The nuclear blast metaphorically turns the world on its head, dissolving that most fundamental distinction between the sun’s power and the earth. It causes Jim to doubt whether any other ordering principle can continue to hold. He questions whether there is a difference between freedom and prison, friend and enemy, or peace and war. It leads, at the nadir of this crisis, and this total loss of control over reality. By imagining that he can raise the dead, Jim’s mind reacts to absolute chaos and impotence by attributing to Jim the ultimate control: the power over death itself.
By J. G. Ballard
Chinese Studies
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Colonialism & Postcolonialism
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Coming-of-Age Journeys
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Japanese Literature
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Memorial Day Reads
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The Booker Prizes Awardees & Honorees
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War
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World War II
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