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47 pages 1 hour read

Seymour Reit

Guns For General Washington

Nonfiction | Book | Middle Grade | Published in 1990

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Chapters 18-25Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 18 Summary: “A Walk in the Rain”

Paul Junior and Old Toby walk down Beacon Street in Boston in the rain. As they pass by, they notice a company of British soldiers, part of General Howe’s reinforcements, going through a lackluster drill on Boston Common. Paul Junior and Old Toby discuss the state of the British troops, noting their ragged appearance and thin rations. Toby mentions rumors that England is struggling to recruit volunteers for the war, suggesting that the soldiers Howe brought are not the best. He shares the latest dispatch from Henry: The artillery convoy has reached Claverack, roughly halfway to Cambridge. To lift their spirits, Paul asks Toby about the new flag, the “Grand Union” flag. Toby describes it with pride: 13 red and white stripes representing the colonies and a small Union Jack in the corner.

Chapter 19 Summary: “The Runaway”

The convoy faces the challenge of moving heavy cannons up steep inclines without any marked routes, relying instead on an old footpath made by Indigenous Americans. Will leads his team in hauling a 13-pounder cannon up a hill using long ropes looped around trees. As J.P. approaches, offering water to the men, disaster strikes. The rope holding the mortar snaps, sending the cannon hurtling down the hill. The men scatter, shouting and swearing as they try to avoid the runaway mortar. J.P., unaware of the imminent danger, trips and falls directly in the path of the cannon. Will leaps into action, diving to save J.P. and pulling him out of the cannon’s path just in time. Both Will and J.P. are shaken but unharmed, though J.P. has a gash on his forehead, and Will has a bruised knee. The crew is able to haul the cannon up the hill by double-roping it, with Will continuing to lead the team.

Chapter 20 Summary: “The Chasm”

General Washington anxiously observes the British ships in Boston Harbor. The Continental Army’s troops have improved, but they still do not have artillery. He knows from his spies that the British reinforcements are not very good, but their sheer numbers could still pose a threat.

Henry and his convoy face a new and formidable challenge: crossing a steep chasm on the east slope of the Berkshire range. The convoy has made progress, passing through Otis and Blanford, but now they are at a stop, staring down a cliff that seems impossible to descend with their heavy loads. The drivers are adamant that attempting the descent is too dangerous. For nearly three hours, Henry tries to persuade the men to tackle the chasm, but they remain unconvinced. Will, however, proposes a plan that, combined with Henry’s persistence and new safety measures, eventually convinces the men to try. The plan involves unhitching the animals and leading them down the incline while the vehicles are rigged with heavy ropes and drag chains to control their descent. Logs are placed under the wheels and runners to secure the loads every 50 feet, and the ropes are repeatedly repositioned to trees farther down the slope.

Chapter 21 Summary: “On to Westfield”

At dawn, the convoy sets off, hitching up the horses and oxen and following a dry streambed to a dirt trail that Henry knows from his map will lead them straight to Westfield. The journey begins smoothly over hard, frosty ground, which provides an ideal surface for the sled runners. However, as the sun rises, it begins to melt the snow, turning the trail into mud and slowing down the animals as they struggle to drag their heavy loads.

Despite the frustrating delays caused by the weather, there is a sense of progress and relief among the men. Mr. Becker resumes driving his wagon, so Will invites J.P. to ride with him on the big sled carrying a 24-pounder cannon. As they travel along, the two sing together, lifting the spirits of the entire convoy. By the time they reach Westfield, everyone is in high spirits. The locals are amazed by the sight of the giant cannons and provide the weary travelers with drinks and food. As a grand finale to the festivities, Henry gives the townspeople a demonstration of the cannon’s power.

Chapter 22 Summary: “Partings”

The convoy travels from Westfield to Springfield, but the trail is mired in mud, slowing their progress. As they approach Springfield, the mood becomes somber. Many of the drivers who had committed to staying with the convoy until Springfield are now preparing to return to their homes in New York State. Though they miss their families, they have developed close bonds with the other members of the crew. Among those leaving are the Beckers. J.P. finds it painful to say goodbye to Will, but Will reassures him with a promise that they will meet again after they succeed in driving the British out of Boston.

After resting in Worcester, the convoy continues to Framingham, just 20 miles from Cambridge. William is excited to realize the mission is almost complete, but Henry remains cautious, insisting on ensuring every cannon reaches its destination. Henry then rides ahead to Cambridge to report their success. General Washington and the officers are overjoyed and apologize for doubting the plan. However, they recognize that despite their new artillery, they must still be cautious as General Howe’s forces have grown stronger.

Chapter 23 Summary: “Plans and Preparations”

In February 1776, General Washington orders Henry to secretly move the cannons to key locations around Boston, with the main focus on Dorchester Heights, a strategic position overlooking the city and harbor. The British have left it unguarded, though they have the manpower to take it. General Howe, unaware of the colonists’ activities, plans to attack Cambridge but is cautious due to the winter weather. Washington orchestrates a diversion, including a fake artillery barrage, and stages preparations for an assault on Cambridge to mislead Howe. The British, focused on the north, remain oblivious to the real threat developing on Dorchester Heights.

As the colonists work through the night to fortify the heights, they face challenges like frozen ground, which prevents them from digging trenches. Will suggests building above ground with bundles of branches and barrels filled with rocks and sand to create makeshift walls. These defenses are prepared under strict silence to avoid alerting the nearby British forces. By dawn, the cannons are in place, ready for the confrontation that could determine the fate of Boston.

Chapter 24 Summary: “The Guns Speak”

On the morning of March 4, 1776, a British watch officer aboard HMS Somerset is shocked to see two massive forts, which appeared seemingly overnight, armed with heavy cannons aimed directly at the British fleet. General Howe is furious and bewildered by the sudden appearance of these fortifications. Under General Washington’s orders, Henry fires a symbolic barrage with the artillery. Washington’s strategy is not to cause immediate destruction but to send a strong message to the British: The tide of battle has turned in favor of the Americans. The British warships retaliate with their own cannon fire, but their efforts are futile as their shots cannot reach the fortified heights. As the British ships retreat, the American troops on Dorchester Heights celebrate, singing in unity.

Chapter 25 Summary: “What Happened After”

Despite having superior forces and a strong naval presence, General Howe knows that the colonists have outmaneuvered him. Faced with the powerful artillery now aimed at his fleet, Howe decides the British must withdraw. Attempting to save face, Howe orders a last-minute attack to retake Dorchester Heights. However, as the British troops prepare to cross the harbor, a violent storm erupts, causing chaos. The storm forces Howe to call off the attack. An agreement is reached between the British and American forces: The British agree not to destroy Boston, and in exchange, the colonists allow them to leave unharmed.

A few days later, on March 17, 1776, the British fleet, accompanied by thousands of troops and about 900 Loyalist sympathizers, sail out of Boston Harbor. As the enemy sails away, General Washington, with Colonel Knox by his side, leads the Continental Army into the city. Boston is free at last. News of Boston’s liberation spread quickly across the colonies, inspiring renewed hope and determination. The victory is seen as proof that the colonists can indeed challenge and defeat the might of the British Empire.

Chapters 18-25 Analysis

The weather and landscape serve as symbols throughout the chapters of the Physical and Environmental Challenges facing the colonists. In Chapter 18, the “thin rain, more like cold mist” (102) that envelops Boston is symbolic of the oppressive and uncertain atmosphere in the city under British occupation. The rain creates a sense of bleakness and weariness, mirroring the mood of the characters and the larger situation in Boston. The thin, cold mist symbolizes the pervasive fear and doubt that cloud the minds of the American patriots, who are uncertain about the future and their ability to overcome the British forces. This weather motif sets the tone for the chapter, highlighting the grim reality of life in a besieged city where hope is in short supply. As the narrative progresses, the weather transitions from the cold rain of Boston to the snow and mud encountered by the convoy transporting the cannons. In Chapter 21, the initially smooth, snow-covered ground symbolizes the early stages of their journey, where progress, though difficult, is still manageable. However, as the snow began to melt under the sun, turning the trail into deep mud, this shift symbolizes the increasing difficulty of their mission.

While the harsh conditions test both sides, it was the American leaders’ ability to respond to these challenges that sets them apart. These chapters emphasize the contrast between the proactive, hands-on approach of American leaders and the more detached, traditional command structure of the British. General Washington and Colonel Knox are depicted as deeply involved in the planning and execution of their strategies. Washington’s personal inspection of the troops, his careful planning of the fortifications, and Knox’s active role in overseeing the transport of the cannons all demonstrate a leadership style that is engaged, adaptable, and focused on the welfare of their men. General Howe, on the other hand, is portrayed as disconnected from the realities on the ground. Howe’s reliance on his officers, and his frustration when things go wrong, illustrate a leadership style that is more hierarchical and less responsive to immediate challenges.

Another important difference between the American and British forces highlighted in these chapters is their morale and motivation. The British troops are depicted as weary, underfed, and generally lacking enthusiasm for the fight. The description of the British soldiers “going halfheartedly through a drill” (102) reflects a broader sense of disengagement and low morale. This lack of motivation is further compounded by the fact that many British soldiers view the conflict as a distant and largely unnecessary war, fought far from home for reasons that do not directly impact them. In contrast, the American forces are driven by a strong sense of purpose and unity. This sense of purpose is symbolized by the discussions of the new “Grand Union” flag and the camaraderie among the men, as seen in their shared songs and the collective effort to overcome obstacles like the chasm and the mud. The Americans’ belief in the righteousness of their cause gives them the resilience needed to endure the hardships of the campaign, contrasting with the British soldiers’ more professional but less passionate approach.

As the journey of transporting the cannons progresses, Will develops a stronger sense of responsibility and tactical skill. The runaway cannon incident in Chapter 19 is a key moment for Will. His quick thinking and bravery in saving J.P. mark a significant step in his development as a leader. This act earns him the respect of his peers and shows his ability to stay calm and make decisions under pressure. Will’s role as a mentor to J.P. also marks his own progress as he transitions from being guided by others to guiding those with less experience.

The fortification of Dorchester Heights with the cannons that have been successfully transported to Boston provides a lasting image of The Strategic Importance of Artillery in Warfare. The presence of the ammunition changes the course of the war overnight, causing the British to reevaluate their plans to take Boston. The efforts to intimidate the British come together in the creation of the forts in the Heights, an enterprise that shows How Ordinary People Shape History. Unnamed artillerymen laboring under the leadership of the Knox brothers alter the outcome of the war and help to save Boston from the expected siege.

The book ends with the British retreat from Boston without going into any details about the rest of the Revolutionary War. The victory is framed as “the end of the beginning” (136), suggesting that this success marks the true start of the revolution’s journey toward independence. This framing elevates the Boston victory to a status of symbolic importance, implying that it is a foundational moment upon which the future of the revolution is built. The focus on the Boston campaign allows for a contained and cohesive storyline that could be neatly wrapped up without venturing into the broader scope of the entire Revolutionary War. By not extending the story to cover subsequent events in the war, Reit provides a sense of closure for the characters in the story.

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