54 pages • 1 hour read
Adriana MatherA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The question of why the Salem Witch Trials happened is one debated by scholars and historians, as well as the central question of How to Hang a Witch. Mather doesn’t go into the environmental, political, or historical reasons, but instead focuses on elements of human nature that echo throughout history and apply to any situation wherein groups of people experience stress. The element that this novel focuses on is The Culpability of Bystanders and the corresponding guilt of those who don’t speak up for the accused. Sam’s ancestor is not one of the judges at the trials and is said by Elijah to have attended only one execution, so the question of why he is so reviled by everyone in Salem remains unclear throughout most of the novel. However, the answer in How to Hang a Witch is that he was the ultimate bystander. His scholarly work on witches fed the hysteria, and he did nothing to stop it, standing by while people were put to death through unfair trials and spectral evidence that both he and his father thought were inaccurate.
At the beginning of the novel, Sam refuses to face the repercussions of this action, saying, “I’m not going to apologize for some dude who wore a curly wig three hundred years ago and made bad decisions just ‘cause we have the same last name” (19). A major part of her journey in How to Hang a Witch is the realization that this behavioral pattern she exhibits by not acknowledging his actions needs to stop. The danger and gravity of passivity become apparent to Sam when circumstances are reversed, and she becomes the victim. Elijah drives the point home when he makes the comparison to the modern-day bullying she is experiencing at Salem’s high school when he asks, “Do you believe the Descendants could torment you without the consent of the other students and teachers?” (207). He then expands the comparison and says “Group silence can be a death sentence. It was in Salem” (207).
By putting Sam in the shoes of the people whom her ancestor did nothing to help, she learns what it feels like to be the one accused and the bullied victim. It takes this lesson of empathy for her to understand the basis of the curse that continued to haunt her family and others. When Sam realizes that being a bystander makes one guilty and feels the loneliness of the other side, she changes from being the victim to an active, brave, and compassionate human who can break her family’s curse.
In How to Hang a Witch and Haunting the Deep, the other book in the same series, Mather takes human actions and ideas from historical incidents and applies them to modern circumstances to emphasize The Repetition of History. While it is a common observation that humans tend to repeat the past, Mather takes a more active, optimistic approach. In How to Hang a Witch, Mather’s protagonist Sam shows that destructive patterns of behavior aren’t a forgone conclusion: Sam sees what is happening and breaks negative patterns of behavior, refusing to repeat history and ultimately breaking her curse.
From the beginning of the novel, Sam continually stumbles on patterns of behavior and events that exhibit repetition. The death of specific groups of people every 100 years, the reoccurring marks on the skin, the similarities in the bullying of suspects, and group condemnation through silence constantly manifest in Salem and Sam’s life. With the help of Elijah's historical perspective, Sam notices the patterns and can grasp what she needs to do to fix the curse that plagues her family. She must disrupt the cycle by making different choices about her behavior and convincing others to do so as well.
The prime example of the negative power of the destructive cycle is Vivian, Sam’s stepmother and disguised antagonist, who is constantly repeating history through her work to try to find a solution to Elijah’s mortality. It takes Sam refusing to participate in the latest iteration and behaving differently for things to become disrupted. Breaking negative behavior patterns of standing by and letting innocent people die changes the cycle. When Sam chooses to let herself hang instead of the innocent girls, despite not liking some of them, she stops being a bystander and throws off the cursed loop. Vivian, however, still doesn’t understand how stuck in her repetitive beliefs she is and rages that people keep choosing her last, including her fiancé, her husband, and her stepdaughter. Elijah puts it clearly when he tells her that “nothing is going to change unless you make different choices" (341). In saying this, he sums up one of the major lessons and themes of the novel. The repetition of history will continue to be a pattern unless people consciously decide to do something different.
Mather uses the theme of The Relationship Between Teenage Girls and Mothers both as a plot device and to hold up contrasting examples of motherhood as it relates to teenagers who are trying to gain independence.
The conflicts between teenage girls and their mothers, and even more famously their stepmothers, are tropes that reach back to oral storytelling and fairy tales where evil stepmothers are standard characters. Stories involving stepmothers and stepdaughters typically go one of two ways: Either the stepmother is evil and defeated, or the conflict is resolved as the teenager matures, and the mother accepts her daughter’s independence. The first type of story tends to exist in the realm of fantasy, and the other in more realistic stories of personal growth. Mather uses these expectations and twists them to add an element of surprise, putting the evil stepmother character in a realistic relationship. By showing Sam remembering good times when she was little, feeling remorse and affection when she fights with Vivian, and mentioning the fact that it could be stress from her father’s situation that is causing the conflicts, Mather signals that this relationship sits firmly in the reality-based second plot line where the conflict between the mother and daughter is a symptom of Sam growing up. The occasional clues that this may not be the case are explained away by Sam, and she has trouble believing someone who stands up so viciously for her stepdaughter has an evil agenda. By playing on preconceived ideas of established plot lines when it comes to mother-daughter relationships, Mather creates a surprise when Vivian turns out to be the quintessential wicked stepmother. However, there is something close to forgiveness at the end when Sam holds her dying stepmother, and Vivian returns to a less frightening form.
Mather provides positive and negative examples of mothering to illustrate how different mother-daughter relationships can be. Vivian’s way of dealing with Sam’s problems does not provide the type of support her stepdaughter needs and only increases feelings of negativity. When Sam’s pastries are poisoned or a rock is thrown through the window, Vivian rages at perceived culprits. Sam notes, “She’ll fight for me, but right now I really need comfort more than anything” (49). Vivian’s anger and flexing of her power don’t help Sam, who is naturally drawn to the neighbor Mrs. Meriwether—Vivian’s opposite. Mrs. Meriwether provides a gentler, more positive example of mothering. The comfort she provides is palpable in the form of delicious homemade food, and while Vivian accuses and suspects, Mrs. Meriwether provides unquestioning acceptance. Even when Sam comes over to make a potion, Mrs. Meriwether eagerly assists without questioning or judging Sam’s motives. She gives Sam advice rather than orders and tells her helpful, heart-warming stories about Sam's family. While Mrs. Meriwether isn’t always a responsible adult figure, the unquestioning help and support along with the surplus of delicious food and cheerfulness creates a teenage girl’s dream mother. While Vivian is the suspicious mother who can’t give up the control established during childhood, Mrs. Meriwether is a maternal figure who is working with Sam to give her independence and support as she moves into adulthood.
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