61 pages • 2 hours read
Italo CalvinoA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The story Without fear of wind or vertigo stops as the students discuss various topics. The Reader and Ludmilla want the story to continue rather than discuss what they’ve already heard. When they ask Lotaria for the novel, however, she insists that they already have “enough material to discuss for a month” (91). The novel has been divided up among the departments, though she thinks her department has the best part. Later, the Reader and Ludmilla meet to try to find the endings to any of the novels they’ve read thus far. They agree that a trip to the publishing house may be necessary, but Ludmilla, much to the Reader’s disappointment, suggests that the Reader go alone. She says that she’s the type of person who reads books, rather than someone who makes them, and doesn’t want to blur this “boundary line.”
The Reader arrives at the publishing house and meets Mr. Cavedagna, who assumes that the Reader has submitted a manuscript. As Mr. Cavedagna leads the Reader through the building, the Reader inspects what he sees. These days, the Reader understands, books are no longer the product of individuals. They’re written by “collectives” (96), including political parties, research groups, and students in seminars. The Reader claims that he’s “only a reader” (97), not a writer, which makes Mr. Cavedagna happy. He talks about how he works on many books but rarely feels as though he’s actually reading them. The Reader tries to talk about the problem of unfinished novels, but Mr. Cavedagna says he knows all about the issue. He claims that Cimmerian literature has been taken over by a group called the Cimbrians. Ermes Marana, for example, was the translator of Without fear of wind or vertigo. However, he “doesn’t know a single word of Cimbrian” (99); instead, he translated Looks down in the gathering shadow, a novel in the French language by the Belgian writer Bertran Vandervelde.
As the Reader examines a copy of Looks down in the gathering shadow, Mr. Cavedagna claims that it’s related to the fragments of the other novels that the Reader has read. The Reader disagrees. Mr. Cavedagna talks about Ermes Marana’s belief that an author’s identity is irrelevant. Many important books have anonymous authors, while some famous authors’ books haven’t survived. Some works, such as Homer’s, are actually thought to combine many different writers’ works. The copy of Looks down in the gathering shadow is important evidence in a fraud trail, Mr. Cavedagna explains, so it must not leave the office. When he’s called away, the Reader begins to read it.
The narrator is in the process of disposing of Jojo’s body. It’s too big to fit neatly into a plastic sack. Bernadette says that they should place Jojo’s head in a separate sack. They have no other sacks, however, and must move the body quickly out of the basement. The narrator plans to burn the body. Earlier, they pretended that Jojo was still alive and placed his body in the car. Two police officers stopped them, but a fortuitous, timely venting of gas from the corpse convinced the officers that Jojo was alive. The narrator and Bernadette—who murdered Jojo—were relieved.
Recently, the narrator explains, he has been searching for a new way to live. He feels weighed down by his past. Now he needs a place to burn Jojo’s body. Unfortunately for the narrator, he was too distracted to refuel the car. The gas designated to burn Jojo’s body now must be used to restart the car. The narrator reflects on how he arrived at this moment. Once he and Bernadette learned that Jojo was in Paris, they killed him without his ever learning that his old enemy was one of his murderers. As the narrator tells many stories from his life, he tries to overwhelm the audience with his past so that the audience can feel his burden. He has many passports with many identities. To most people, however, he’s known as Ruedi the Swiss. Bernadetta knows nothing about the history between Jojo and Ruedi. She doesn’t know that Ruedi is certain that Jojo cheated him out of a vast sum of money.
In the present, Bernadette initiates a sexual act with Ruedi in the “tiny car,” claiming that Ruedi interrupted her (when he burst into the room to kill Jojo) just as she was about to orgasm. Just as they finish having sex, Jojo’s body falls on them. Ruedi tells Bernadette that she has nothing to do with his desire to kill Jojo. They carry Jojo’s body out of the car and into an elevator, planning to throw him from the roof to stage a death by suicide. They throw him down into the courtyard and then remember that they must dispose of the plastic sack, which may contain traces of evidence. By the time they descend in the elevator, a group of men is waiting for them. The men ask to examine the plastic sack. To Ruedi, the men seem like they’re related to Jojo. He hands them the sack, and they find a leather shoe inside.
Although the Reader wants to continue reading, the photocopied pages of the novel run out. Mr. Cavedagna doesn’t know where the remaining pages are. Instead, he offers the Reader the remaining files on “the Marana business” (115). From a distant village in South America, Marana wrote various letters about publishing issues. In one letter, he claimed to have access to a new novel by an Irish writer named Silas Flannery, In a network of lines that enlace, and offered Mr. Cavedagna the chance to publish it. Marana sent other letters from various places around the world, describing his struggle to translate Flannery’s novel. The letters confuse the Reader because they seem to defy the linear passage of time. Marana claimed that Flannery was experiencing a spiritual crisis that was affecting the novel’s progress and was searching for “an old Indian” (117), known as the Father of Stories, who is the universal source of all stories. Marana’s letters became increasingly conspiratorial. When he was in Arabia, for example, Marana described how he was hired to translate works of fiction for the wife of the sultan. The sultan was afraid that his wife, the sultana, was conspiring against him, so he needed to ensure that she had plenty of reading material to distract her. The plan was inspired by 1001 Arabian Nights. Although Marana translated many novels for the sultan, he always stopped his translation right at “the moment of greatest suspense” (125), thinking that this would keep the sultana distracted.
As the Reader peruses more letters, mysterious women become a common feature. Some of them are connected to Flannery. Their most common shared trait is that they all love to read. This reminds the Reader of Ludmilla. In another letter, Marana described being captured by an African dictator and told to write novels that bolstered the dictator’s justification for rule. He described how he set up the competing factions inside the organization that kidnapped him: The organization broke into two groups: those who followed the Wing of Light (were enlightened) and those who followed the Wing of Shadow (were nihilistic). The factions fought over who would be allowed to read Flannery’s novel first. They believed that the novel contained secret information about the world. The Reader becomes deeply invested in the conflict and desperate to track down Marana to ask which faction proved right. Additionally, the Reader wants to read In a network of lines that enlace, even though Marana’s translation may have no resemblance to Flannery’s original work. Having arranged to meet Ludmilla in a café, the Reader opens the book.
For the narrator, starting a new book is like hearing a phone ring. In such moments, the narrator is anxious about what the ringing phone could bring. Sometimes, he overhears phones in distant houses and mistakes them for his own ringing phone. The narrator jogs each morning before he teaches his class. While jogging, he passes houses in which phones are ringing and feels as though phones are chasing him. Sometimes, however, everything’s quiet. One day, the narrator becomes obsessed with a constantly ringing phone in a house. No one answers the phone, so the narrator walks around the house in confusion. Eventually, the narrator jogs away.
Even as the narrator jogs into a part of town with no houses, he can’t outrun the sound of the “chasing” phones. He can’t forget the sound. Still haunted by the sound, he returns to the house, where the phone is still ringing, still unanswered. He enters the house, answers the phone, and hears a voice. The caller ignores the narrator, instead, giving him an address where a woman named Marjorie is being held prisoner. She’s tied up and will awaken soon. If the narrator doesn’t reach her in 30 minutes, the house “will go up in flame” (137). The narrator frets about how to explain his situation to the police or fire department. As he runs down the street, he thinks about the name Marjorie and remembers a student named Marjorie Stubbs in one of his classes. She was attractive, he remembers, and he made a fool of himself by inviting her to his house to borrow some books. Although his intentions were innocent, she thought he was asking her out on a date and refused. When he reaches the campus, the narrator asks his students about Marjorie. They haven’t seen her for two days. Worried, the narrator runs as fast as he can to the address. He finds Marjorie inside, tied up on a sofa. He unties her, and she angrily insults him.
As the novel progresses, Ermes Marana emerges as an important character. Not only is he responsible for many of the printing errors and frauds that have prevented the Reader from finishing the novels he wants to read, but Marana’s travails illustrate vital ideas about The Act of Reading and The Power of Words, as well as semiotics and translation. As evident in Professor Uzzi-Tuzii’s labored reading of Leaning from the steep slope, the depth of meaning associated with a word can be partially lost during translation. The professor stopped to provide the Reader with footnotes that explained the nuances and cultural significance of words, providing insight into the signified meaning (the connotative meaning), which may be lost when translating only the signifier (the denotative meaning). However, Marana’s role is more nefarious and complex than the desires of an old academic to show the world the depths of a dead language. Marana is a cynic. He understands the difficulties of translation, but rather than seek to provide context or depth, he turns this knowledge into a moneymaking scheme. His translations are fraudulent, often substituting an entirely new novel to the publishing house rather than the one he originally promised to translate. Marana abuses the Reader’s trust that the novel itself is what he’s reading, creating an even larger disconnect between the individual and the rest of the world. Marana’s fraudulent translations remind the audience that the world is far more complex than they can ever comprehend and feed into the paranoia that hidden forces are working to increase this complexity.
Fears about this complexity are likewise evident in Lotaria’s approach to literary analysis. Unlike her sister, Ludmilla, who wants novels that will move or thrill her, Lotaria seems interested only in novels that provide fuel for her academic discussions and seeks to analyze every facet of a work. When the Reader and Ludmilla mention that they’d prefer to finish the novel rather than participate in an academic seminar, for example, Lotaria can’t comprehend why they feel the need to finish the story. The novel exists, according to her, only for discussion among academics rather than for enjoyment. The Reader can’t relate to Lotaria because she simply doesn’t care about finishing the novels. She cares only about ideas.
Ludmilla’s refusal to accompany the Reader to the publishing house to meet with Mr. Cavedagna isn’t only a disappointment to the Reader (who is romantically interested in her) but a demonstration of her difference from her sister, Lotaria. Ludmilla enjoys having a barrier between herself and the people who produce fiction. The meeting between Cavedagna and the Reader justifies Ludmilla’s claims, to some extent. Again thematically referencing The Act of Reading, the novel depicts Cavedagna as someone who has worked in the publishing industry for a long time and has lost his enjoyment of literature. He serves only as an institutional machine for funneling books from the printing press to the audience; he never reads the books he publishes. His existence has become exactly what Ludmilla fears, one that revolves around books except in the act of reading. Publishing a novel, even one that must be proofed during the publication process, differs significantly from actually reading a novel, Cavedagna explains. He no longer feels like he reads, as he’s merely a tool of production. His enjoyment of literature has been sullied by his proximity to the production process.
The theme of Archetypal and Structural Recurrence is likewise evident within this section. The constantly ringing phones that torment the narrator of In a network of lines that enlace (in which “lines” refers to phone lines) echo the repetitive drone of Cavedagna’s work. Also, the image of phones “chasing” the narrator reinforces the idea of paranoia and fear, which the Reader and Ludmilla feel concerning the authenticity of literature and purity of reading enjoyment.
By Italo Calvino
Art
View Collection
Beauty
View Collection
Books About Art
View Collection
Books & Literature
View Collection
Community
View Collection
Italian Studies
View Collection
Magical Realism
View Collection
Politics & Government
View Collection
School Book List Titles
View Collection
Science & Nature
View Collection
Sociology
View Collection
Truth & Lies
View Collection