45 pages • 1 hour read
Paula VogelA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Madje and Sholem are at the office of Dr. Hornig. In English, Madje explains to the doctor that Sholem has not slept for weeks. Dr. Hornig asks if anything out of the ordinary has happened to Sholem recently. In Yiddish, Madje urges Sholem to tell the doctor about his visit to Europe. Sholem has recently returned from a trip where he was investigating pogroms against Jewish people. Madje explains to the doctor that Sholem has not been the same since he returned. In Yiddish, Sholem tells Madje that he cannot sleep, concentrate, eat, or enjoy himself. She relays this in English to the doctor, who recommends bed rest and physical activity to restore his energy. Angrily, Sholem asks in Yiddish if she has any recommendations that “can map the disintegration of the Jewish psyche due to centuries of persecution” (58). The doctor is perturbed by Sholem’s anger and leaves to consult with a nurse. Madje worries that Dr. Hornig wants to have Sholem committed and urges him to rest and go see the Broadway debut of The God of Vengeance.
On opening night, during intermission, Madje and Sholem are horrified at the extent of the changes to the script. Madje notices police in the audience and wonders if they are here to shut down the play because of the lesbianism or the sex work. Sholem says that they are here because he is Jewish. He goes to find Weinberger. As the play unfolds onstage, a police officer from the vice squad watches in the wings. Lemml and Sholem introduce themselves to the officer, who explains that he has a warrant for the arrest of the actors. When the play ends, the cast and Weinberger are arrested for obscenity.
Rabbi Joseph Silverman gives a sermon explaining that every time he reads about a crime, he prays that the perpetrators are not Jewish. He works hard to get the American government to accept more Jewish refugees and immigrants who are fleeing persecution in Europe. He feels that Sholem has betrayed his fellow Jewish people by portraying them in a negative light. He knows that there are Jewish women who engage in sex work to survive, and who may “turn to [lesbianism] in confusion,” but argues that Jewish men “who buy their bread on the sweat of these women’s backs” are parasites who should be sent back to Europe (64). Silverman was the one who reported The God of Vengeance to the vice squad. He is pleased that the cast has been arrested.
The actors are released after spending a night in jail. Lemml and Reina anxiously await them. Esther exits the jail first; she tells Reina that Dorothee is coming soon. Virginia’s parents have already paid her bail, and she is on her way home to North Carolina. Esther tells Lemml that she met a few sex workers during her night in jail. She was struck by the fact that though “their words weren’t so dainty […] their English was perfect” (66); she wishes that she could speak English without her Polish accent.
Dorothee and Reina are reunited. Dorothee has not slept much in the weeks since they fought. Reina begs Dorothee to come home to their bed and admits that she said things she should not have during their fight. Dorothee insists that Reina was right. She is ashamed to have been arrested for acting in a play that she does not believe in. She would much rather have been arrested for acting in the original play.
Dorothee has bed bugs after spending the night in jail. Reina insists that she still wants Dorothee to come home; in English she explains that she will take off their clothes at the threshold. She will wash their clothes, draw a bath, and wash Dorothee’s hair. Dorothee tells Reina that they should only speak Yiddish together.
Lemml meets the Irish playwright Eugene O’Neill in a bar. O’Neill wanted to testify in the actors’ defense, but the court dismissed him and the other witnesses because they had seen the original version of the play before the script was changed. Sholem’s work is not on trial; the Broadway production of the play is. O’Neil suggests that Sholem take the stand to defend his play. He admires the hopeful love story between Rifkele and Manke. He also tells Lemml that the charge of obscenity because of the lesbianism of the play is “bunk”: The play is on trial because it “shows that every religion—even Jews—sell God for a price” (68).
At their home on Staten Island, Madje tells Sholem that Lemml has asked him to testify in defense of the play. Sholem worries how he will sound; Madje insists that Weinberger can translate what he says into English. Sholem cannot bring himself to go to the court; he is too preoccupied with the knowledge that Jewish people are being massacred across Europe to care about a play he wrote years ago. Madje wishes that he had never gone back to Europe and wants him to tell her what he saw there. Sholem feels like his life is now “like a photographic negative” (70); the only thing that feels vivid and real are the things he saw back in Europe. He cannot get the images out of his head. When he told the State Department what he saw, they simply responded, “These things happen” (70). The horrors he witnessed were not enough to sway the government to action. Sholem decides to write a letter to be read at the trial. He is consumed by the need to change the way that gentiles see his community. He worries that the violence against Jewish people in Europe is coming to America. Madje tries to assure him that they are safe.
The actors are found guilty of obscenity. The judge who delivers the verdict decrees that “drama must be purified of Eastern exoticism, its sexual pollution and its corruptive attitude towards the family” (71).
One morning, Madje finds Lemml sitting on her front porch. She invites him inside for coffee, but Lemml refuses, saying that he “might be a dybbuk. A dead soul inside a stage manager” (72). Sholem joins Lemml and tries to apologize for failing to defend the play in court. Lemml insists that he did not expect Sholem to defend the play, but rather to defend him and the actors. Schildkraut’s American career is over; now, “the best he can hope for on American stages is to play the ‘Stage Jew’” (73). Lemml is upset with Sholem for agreeing to cut the love between Manke and Rifkele. Sholem insists that it is his play; Madje interjects that it is her play also. Lemml refutes both of them: The play belongs to the actors and the audiences who take the time to watch it.
Finally, Sholem admits that he never checked the cuts, because he cannot read English. He could not testify in court for the same reason: He does not want to be ridiculed and laughed at for sounding like Lemml. In English, Lemml declares that he is done living in a “country that laughs at the way [he] speak[s]” (73). In Europe, they were able to perform The God of Vengeance everywhere they went and were never shut down. Tickets to plays were cheap, and everyone could afford to go to the theater. He is leaving America. Madje and Sholem try to stop him, saying that Europe has changed, but Lemml is firm. He takes the original Yiddish script with him and returns to Poland.
There is a minor change to historical events in this section. In reality, the cast of The God of Vengeance was not arrested on their opening night, February 19, 1923, but a few weeks later, on March 6. The timeline is collapsed in Indecent for dramatic effect. The play introduces more real-life figures. Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953), a celebrated American playwright, really did try to defend The God of Vengeance in the press. Rabbi Joseph Silverman (1860-1930) was also real; the chief witness against the defendants in the obscenity trial, he had worked hard to push the government to accept more Jewish immigrants and refugees from Europe. Lemml’s prediction about Schildkraut’s being relegated to stereotypical Jewish roles for the rest of his career is partly accurate, though Schildkraut did perform in several films and plays after The God of Vengeance, prior to his death in 1930. Lemml says that he worries he might be (metaphorically) a dybbuk, which is an evil spirit in Jewish folklore that can possess living people. It would be very bad luck to invite one over a threshold, putting those inside the house in danger.
The characters’ relationship to their Jewish Identity and Language gets increasingly complex as the play continues. In his early career, Sholem’s status as a Yiddish-language writer meant that he had the opportunity to uplift his community and create radical art. In America, however, speaking only Yiddish is very limiting. It is extremely frustrating for Sholem that he cannot speak English fluently: No matter what he says, he will always be heard in translation, whether at the doctor’s office, on stage, or in court; this is an indirect critique of American xenophobia and provincialism, which often pejoratively equate accented English with limited intelligence. Because he only speaks Yiddish, Sholem starts to lose control of the play he created, as other people can now make changes without his full understanding. Dorothee and Reina also reckon with their relationship to language and identity, opting to reclaim their origins rather than continue erasing them. Earlier, Dorothee pushed Reina to try to assimilate to anglophone American culture. She accepted a role in a censored play, changed her name, and spoke English. She then realized that for Jewish people (and for lesbians), no amount of assimilation would be enough to become safe. The production still got shut down after being translated into English and having some of the more provocative lesbian scenes cut. Dorothee ultimately concludes that if she is going to be arrested anyway, she may as well stick to her convictions: She wishes she could have been arrested for the original play instead. For Dorothee and Reina, exchanging their culture and identity for the illusion of safety is not a good trade.
Sholem’s perspective on Antisemitism, Representation, and Decency starts to change after he sees the horrors of the pogroms for himself. Though he still does not approve of the changes made to the script, he no longer sees his art as necessary, sufficient, or radical in the fight against antisemitism. Rabbi Silverman repeats the arguments that have come up before in the play: Flawed Jewish characters on stage put real Jewish people at greater risk of experiencing antisemitic violence. Flawed Jewish people in real life do this too, he argues, as gentiles who hear about one Jewish criminal will hasten to stereotype all Jewish people. Interestingly, Silverman’s objections to The God of Vengeance are almost entirely predicated on concerns about antisemitism, and he is the one who reported the play in the first place. However, the play was not shut down because of its portrayal of Judaism. It was shut down because its portrayal of lesbians was considered indecent and obscene. Anti-gay bias is used to justify concerns about antisemitism.
Silverman actually seems to have little to say about the play’s depiction of Lesbianism, Freedom, and Hope for the Future. He believes that women who develop lesbian sexual relationships are merely confused. His views reflect common ideas of the time, and they also make sense given the depiction of lesbianism after the changes to the script, which no longer features a reciprocal romantic affair. Lemml says that the new version has “cut the love between those two girls. There’s only sex left!” (73). The Broadway version of the play has made the lesbian relationship less confrontational for the audience; by removing the warmth of affection and connection, the cuts allow audiences not to consider the humanity and complexity of Rifkele and Manke. O’Neill laments this change; he’s seen the original play, where the relationship between Rifkele and Manke was “like a lighthouse” (68) in a dark fog.
By Paula Vogel
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