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52 pages 1 hour read

Eloise Jarvis McGraw

Mara, Daughter of The Nile

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 1953

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Parts 1-2Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1: “Menfe” - Part 2: “The River”

Part 1, Chapter 1 Summary: “The Mysterious Passenger”

Content Warning: Both the source material and this guide contain descriptions of violence, including the beating of enslaved persons.

In ancient Egypt, during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut, a Nile boat named Silver Beetle gets ready to leave the city of Menfe (Memphis). Nekonkh, the middle-aged captain, scans the bustling wharf for the mysterious passenger he has brought down from Thebes, Egypt’s capital. The passenger, a tall young man named Sheftu, has aroused Nekonkh’s suspicions with his aristocratic bearing, which casts doubt on his claim to be a mere apprentice scribe. Nor does he talk like a lowly scribe, for he responded to Nekonkh’s offhand criticisms of the queen—i.e., that she has been bankrupting Egypt with lavish building projects while denying her brother Thutmose his rightful throne—with a gentle reminder that such opinions are treasonous and that the queen’s spies are “everywhere.” Further confusing the captain, Sheftu has told him of a “reckless” conspiracy in Thebes to overthrow the queen, claiming that the conspirators believe Hatshepsut to be guilty of starving the people of Egypt with taxes while vastly swelling the personal wealth of Count Senmut, her chief architect. Eventually, Nekonkh senses that the younger man is merely sounding him out, perhaps to enlist him in a conspiracy of his own to topple Hatshepsut and install Thutmose in his rightful place as pharaoh. Nekonkh finds such a prospect “exhilarating” and would gladly risk his life for it. However, with no sign of Sheftu at the arranged time, Nekonkh worries that the young man has been captured or killed by the queen’s spies.

Elsewhere in Menfe, in the house of a jewel merchant, a young, enslaved woman named Mara has been caught reading a papyrus scroll from her master’s library. This is a whipping offense, but luckily for her, she has been caught by Teta, an older enslaved woman in the household, who roughly warns her not to be so “stupid.” Both women detest their owners, Zasha and his wife, who starve them and treat them cruelly. One of the few pleasures in Mara’s life is reading; a former master taught her how to read and write. Ironically, Zasha and his wife remain illiterate despite their well-stocked library. Mara is also bilingual and can speak both fluent Babylonian as well as her native tongue, Egyptian. Notable for her “lotus-blue” eyes, which are very unusual for an Egyptian, the beautiful Mara has no clear memory of her parents; her background and origins are a mystery. Bemoaning the incessant hunger and drudgery of her existence, she tells Teta that someday she will have lots of gold—enough to take revenge on their cruel masters by throwing them to the crocodiles. As Teta mocks her farfetched dreams, Mara slips out of the house to sneak to the marketplace in search of food.

Part 1, Chapter 2 Summary: “The Sale of a Slave”

Hiding in the shadows of Menfe’s market square, Sheftu waits for a messenger. His attention is briefly distracted by the bold audacity of a “ragged girl” (Mara) who wittily mocks the pompous attendant of a rich lady’s litter. Her “wild grace” surprises him, as does the fact that she speaks both Egyptian and Babylonian, unusual in one who dresses in rags. Sheftu laughs in admiration as the girl steals a half-dozen honey cakes right under the nose of a baker’s apprentice. Shortly afterward, he sees the girl being dragged out of the marketplace by an older man (Zasha) with gold armbands and a “cruel face.” Sheftu is shocked to realize that she is enslaved and surmises that she was probably stolen from a wealthy family when very young. Meanwhile, he sees a Nubian man give him a prearranged signal and Sheftu stealthily follows him down a side street to a doorway.

Minutes later, in the courtyard of his house, Zasha beats Mara with a cane for her disobedience while she curses at him in Babylonian. His violence, partly fueled by his superstitious fear of Mara’s blue eyes, is interrupted by a cloaked man who has followed them from the marketplace. The cloaked stranger contemptuously flings a purse of money at Zasha’s feet, ordering him to sell Mara to him “in the queen’s name” (21). Zasha takes the money, and the man leads Mara to an inn and removes his cloak, revealing a cold, “stony” face and the jeweled collar and fine apparel of a very rich man. He tells Mara that he has been looking for someone clever, unscrupulous, and fluent in Babylonian. He wants her to undertake a very dangerous mission to help the queen. If successful, she will be given her freedom. Mara agrees. The man orders her to disguise herself as a courtier so that she can act as an interpreter for a Canaanite princess named Inanni, who has come to Egypt to marry the queen’s brother, King Thutmose. At the royal court in Thebes, Mara will interpret all of the king’s conversations with Inanni, who speaks Babylonian, not Egyptian. In these meetings, she will also act as a spy to find out how Thutmose has been sending messages to his followers beyond the palace. Mara’s new master refuses to tell her his name and orders her to go first to Abydos, where an Egyptian named Saankh-Wen will dress her in finery and position her as Inanni’s interpreter. He also gives Mara a solid gold chain with which to pay her passage. Enthralled by these new opportunities, Mara laughs with joy, but her new master cautions her that she is still a “slave” and says that he will be there in Thebes to “remind” her of this.

Part 1, Chapter 3 Summary: “The War Hawk”

A few streets away, Sheftu enters the house that the Nubian man shows him and meets with Khofra, an aging but still-vigorous general who once led the great armies of the late king Thutmose I. Sheftu is determined to draw the general into his conspiracy against the queen in order to achieve his goal of putting the young Thutmose III on the throne of Egypt. He entreats the retired general to return to service to win the loyalty of Hatshepsut’s troops (particularly her bodyguard), and then turn them against her. Khofra refuses due to his falling-out with Thutmose I, who used him as a tool of conquest and then discarded him after the empire was won. Khofra has become cynical about pharaohs, believing that they are more concerned with power than with the welfare of their people. Sheftu argues passionately for him to join this struggle for the sake of Egypt itself. He claims that the “pampered” queen is letting the empire slip away and that her weakness abroad has encouraged subject states to engage in armed rebellion. He also asserts that her domestic vanity projects have led to mass starvation and unrest, and that the warlike Thutmose can much better serve the nation. Ultimately, the old general agrees to join his rebellion.

Hurrying back to the wharf and the Silver Beetle, Sheftu ponders how best to deliver the message of his success to the young king. His usual go-between was recently murdered—most likely on the queen’s orders—so he must find another messenger. Meanwhile, Mara is looking for a boat to take her to Abydos and sees the Silver Beetle at the dock. At first, Nekonkh denies her passage, but he changes his mind when she offers him the gold chain to pay her fare, allowing her onto the boat just minutes after Sheftu has slipped aboard.

Part 2, Chapter 4 Summary: “Young Man with an Amulet”

Sheftu and Mara soon encounter each other on the small boat, and Sheftu is dazzled by the coincidence of finding the enslaved girl from the marketplace aboard the Silver Beetle. Concluding that she is running from her enslaver, he realizes that he can use this as leverage over her. Falsely claiming that he is an apprentice scribe, he shows her a green amulet on his wrist marked with hieroglyphics, which he says is a charm of protection against beasts of the water, especially crocodiles, a particular fear of his. Gazing at Mara’s shrewd, “unscrupulous” face, he detects an alluring wistfulness under her beauty then forces his eyes away, lest he become smitten with her. He wrenches his thoughts back to the problem of finding a go-between for himself and the king, but no new plan comes to mind.

For seven days, the Silver Beetle heads south toward Abydos. Enchanted with the beauty of the Nile and her new freedom, Mara begins to wish that the voyage will never end. She is also enchanted with Sheftu, whose charm and knowledge of various lore make him excellent company, but she is puzzled by his occasional moodiness. One day, Nekonkh warns her not to get too close to Sheftu, calling him a “rogue.” Not long after, she teasingly mentions this to Sheftu, whose eyes harden, scaring her. He demands to know what else the captain has said about him, and Mara stammers that Nekonkh has only warned her in a general way about young men. Seizing her in his arms, Sheftu says he can’t decide between kissing her or threatening her to find out her “secrets.” Mara fights back but finds herself helpless against his strength; then, instead of kissing her, he thrusts her away, warning her to stay out of his “affairs.” Stunned at his ability to simultaneously scare and entice her, Mara intuits that Sheftu is a “dangerous” person.

Part 2, Chapter 5 Summary: “Dangerous Bargain”

The next day, Sheftu is as charming as ever and tells Mara seemingly fantastical stories about Queen Hatshepsut’s grandiose works, describing a mile-long highway lined with elaborate sphinxes and exotic incense trees shipped from faraway lands. He then quotes an ancient prophecy about a time of chaos, war, and anarchy. Mara intuits that these stories are actually directed at Nekonkh, who appears troubled by them. The captain asks to speak to Sheftu alone, but Mara sneaks behind the cabin to eavesdrop. She hears Sheftu admit that he is no lowly scribe; he is Lord Sheftu, the son of the richest man in Egypt and the leader of the movement to restore King Thutmose to the throne. He claims that the queen trusts him absolutely, which makes it easy for him to funnel her money into the conspiracy that will soon depose her. Listening breathlessly, Mara realizes that she can buy her freedom, and perhaps much more, with this knowledge; all the same, she has qualms, due to her attraction to Sheftu.

Moments later, Sheftu catches her eavesdropping. Thinking that Zasha is still her master and that she is merely trying to escape her enslaver, Sheftu offers to spare her life if she joins his conspiracy as a spy. Mara agrees, knowing that she can inform on him and Nekonkh as soon as she reaches Thebes. Mara talks them both into helping her pose as Princess Inanni’s interpreter, a circumstance that has already been arranged by her new, unnamed master (the queen’s agent). Sheftu gives her a jeweled ring fashioned from electrum to help her bribe her way into the job. He also gives her a message to relay to Thutmose; she must tell him that the “War Hawk” is coming. Pocketing the precious ring, Mara dreams of the great wealth that her new master will “shower” upon her for exposing Sheftu as the leader of the conspiracy against the queen. All the same, she feels pangs of guilt at the thought of betraying him.

Part 2, Chapter 6 Summary: “Frightened Princess”

At Abydos, Mara follows her new master’s instructions and seeks out Saankh-Wen in order to be bathed, groomed, and adorned with finery so that she can play her part as Princess Inanni’s interpreter. Once aboard Princess Inanni’s royal barge, she looks askance at the Canaanites’ baggage, clothing, and jewelry—all of which look vulgar and garish to her. All clothing, she thinks, should be white. She speculates that this barbarian “princess” will be little more than a “shepherd’s daughter.” Finally meeting Inanni, she finds her to be heavyset and “dumpy,” with untidy hair; however, she is also vulnerable, with big, frightened eyes. Homesick and deeply bewildered by this strange new land and its customs, the princess is grateful to meet someone who speaks her language (Babylonian). As Mara coaches Inanni and her female attendants about how to dress in Egypt’s desert climate, the barge sets sail for Thebes. As the barge passes the Silver Beetle on the Nile, Mara makes herself visible to Sheftu and Nekonkh, as arranged, without betraying her connection to them. Having confirmed Mara’s placement as the princess’s interpreter, Nekonkh spreads sail and departs.

Parts 1-2 Analysis

Mara, Daughter of the Nile weaves a tale of political intrigue and romance embedded within a broader patriotic uprising that unites the classes of Egypt in the name of national survival and social justice. Introducing the theme of Individual Influence on National Politics, the novel opens with a fateful meeting between two Egyptians of vastly differing backgrounds: the rich nobleman Sheftu and the plebeian riverman Nekonkh, who at first circle each other warily, trying to ascertain the other’s political sympathies. The disguised Sheftu is much less forthcoming than the hotheaded captain, but McGraw uses their conversation to reveal that both characters are deeply troubled by Queen Hatshepsut’s misguided rule of the once-great Egyptian empire. Additionally, this emblematic accord between rich and poor suggests that Sheftu’s rebellion represents a movement far more significant and widespread than a palace coup, for he indicates that the whole nation is suffering from Hatshepsut’s mismanagement. (This impression is also strengthened in a later chapter, when even the serene Nuit, a goddess, disdains the queen as “arrogant.”) For the moment, however, this first meeting contains volumes of essential exposition and establishes the broader conflict of the novel, emphasizing that Egypt’s once-glorious New Kingdom is in decline due to the vanity of an irresponsible monarch. Moreover, Hatshepsut’s younger brother Thutmose, who is her co-regent in name only, is portrayed as a much more able ruler who has been cynically sidelined by the queen and her royal favorite, the architect Senmut. Drawing upon the historical details of ancient Egypt, McGraw insinuates that the current political stakes are very high, as Egypt’s fragile kingdom has twice already fallen into chaos and anarchy during the two “indeterminate periods” that ended the Old and Middle Kingdoms. Sheftu’s reference to the apocalyptic “Prophecy of Neferrohu” serves as a reminder of this.

With the political landscape established, McGraw shifts to the titular heroine and makes her a study in contrasts, for the girl’s tattered dress is designed to accentuate her incongruously aristocratic demeanor. The enslaved Mara’s beauty causes observers like Sheftu to suspect that she has much loftier origins. Her blue eyes, highly unusual in Egypt, suggest that she may even be a foreign princess seized as part of the spoils of war. Unlike other enslaved people, such as her older companion, Teta, Mara has preserved a sense of entitlement and destiny, as demonstrated by her lofty dreams of wealth and vengeance. This patrician grace, combined with her boldness and guile, attracts both Sheftu and Nahereh (her as-yet-unnamed new master) to enlist her as a court spy. However, Sheftu soon detects flashes of “wistfulness” in her demeanor that complicate his first impression of her as hardheaded and selfishly expedient. This new characterization is linked to Mara’s distant, dreamlike memories of a “beautiful, smiling face with blue eyes like her own […] bending over her and laughing” (10). This lingering vision of familial love foreshadows her evolving capacity for empathy and belonging. For now, however, her lonely, enslaved life has left her without friends or family, and consequently, she feels no obligations to others or ties to a larger community. Forced into the role of spy first by Nahereh and then by Sheftu, she shrugs off any thoughts of the possible consequences to people or the state. After all, no one in any position of power has ever come to her aid; affairs of state have no meaning for her, and she will gladly help either side, even the “stone-faced” Nahereh’s, if it serves her personal interests. Thus, these opening chapters establish her internal baseline to foreshadow The Shift from Self-Interest to Social Consciousness.

Sharply contrasting with Mara’s approach, the aging General Khofra quickly dispenses with self-interest in order to choose a side in the coming strife. Feeling that he has been badly treated by the former king, Khofra initially refuses the idea of avowing any allegiance to pharaohs, who “use” men instead of loving them. As he tells Sheftu, neither gold nor “honor” will change his mind, and rather than contradicting him directly, Sheftu engages in a subtler form of persuasion by arguing that unlike the pharaohs, Egypt itself still loves Khofra and cries out to him from every city and town to save her from the lingering death of taxation, poverty, and foreign conquest. By personifying the country, he quickly wins Khofra’s allegiance, for the man’s patriotism and social responsibility outweigh his personal vanity. Likewise, Sheftu, according to Nekonkh, is also committed to “throw[ing] away his gold and his life” for the love of Egypt (59). The selfless devotion of these three men (Sheftu, Khofra, and Nekonkh) to the people of Egypt further emphasizes The Shift from Self-Interest to Social Consciousness.

The notion of pledging allegiance to a country rather than to a ruler is radical one during this time frame, especially in a religious autocracy such as ancient Egypt. Historically, the country’s absolute reliance on one natural event—the annual flooding of the Nile—wove religion and superstition deeply into the fabric of its very existence. The flood, which deposited thick layers of rich soil on its otherwise arid plains, was held to be a miraculous gift of the gods; the pharaoh was accordingly worshipped as a semi-divine being who alone could guarantee a successful flood and harvest. For this reason, pharaohs were rarely, if ever, deposed. In his movement to topple Hatshepsut, Sheftu offers Thutmose, the queen’s brother and co-regent, as an alternative to her, thereby neatly skirting issues of treason and sacrilege. As Nekonkh states, Sheftu’s heart lies with Egypt and its people, not with any single ruler.

The novel’s central conflict suggests a dichotomy between gold and love, for its more idealistic characters consistently reject or sacrifice riches for a higher purpose, whether they are devoted to their country, to another person, or to both. This dynamic first becomes clear amid Sheftu and Mara’s interactions on the Silver Beetle, for once Sheftu reveals his plans to her, Mara inwardly gloats that Nahereh will shower her with gold for this valuable knowledge. However, her budding feelings for Sheftu make her hesitate, and she decides to bide her time. Later, upon meeting the “frightened” Canaanite princess, Inanni, her empathy continues to evolve, and she finds herself pitying a rich but lonely woman whom she had expected to despise. The tender, maternal feelings that were once lavished on Mara in her crib are now only a wistful memory, but these sentiments are rekindled by Inanni’s sense of loss. As the story continues to unfold, a feeling of community will bloom in Mara as she begins to see herself as a pivotal figure in the lives of a group of vulnerable people (Inanni, Sheftu, Nekonkh, and others), whose destinies lie partly in her hands, just as hers lies in theirs. Responsibility for others will eventually help her to develop greater empathy, understanding, and affection, and the friendless, enslaved Mara will slowly develop close, loving friendships and a nascent national consciousness that will fuel a newfound credo of self-sacrifice.

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