Midaq Alley

Egypt’s colonial history plays a significant role in shaping the context of Midaq Alley. Egypt was under British colonial rule from 1882 until 1922, and Britain’s colonial presence had significant implications for modern Egypt’s socio-political and economic landscape. During colonial rule, the British controlled key aspects of the Egyptian government, including defense, foreign affairs, and financial matters. This led to widespread discontent among the Egyptian population, sparking nationalist movements and demands for full independence. The Egyptian Revolution began in 1919, when various political parties, including the Wafd Party, emerged to advocate for self-governance. In 1922, the United Kingdom recognized the independent Kingdom of Egypt; however, in 1936, they signed the Anglo-Egyptian treaty, which permitted the British to maintain their military presence in Egypt, along with their control of the Suez Canal and Egyptian politics.

When World War II began in 1939, Britain still occupied Egypt. The British used Egypt as a base for military operations in the Mediterranean and Middle East, given its strategic geographical location. The Suez Canal, a critical maritime route, further underscored Egypt’s importance in the war effort. Although Egypt was not a major battleground like other parts of Europe or North Africa, it became a hub for military logistics and troop movements. The war brought about significant changes to Cairo’s urban landscape, as the city saw an influx of Allied forces, diplomats, and war-related activities. The wartime presence of foreign troops and continued British control further exacerbated tensions with the Egyptian population, fueling calls for genuine independence. Egyptian politicians sought to exploit the situation to their advantage, demanding greater self-governance and the eventual withdrawal of British forces.

The World-War-II era was marked by socio-economic disparities and struggles, particularly in urban areas such as Cairo, as portrayed in Midaq Alley. The novel is set at the end of the war, in 1944 and at the beginning of 1945. The influence of Western culture, modernization, and shifting values were causing ruptures within Egypt’s traditional societal structures. This is evident in characters such as Hussain and Abbas, who leave the alley to work for the British Army, signifying a departure from traditional trades and customs. Hamida, the female protagonist, becomes a sex worker for British and American soldiers in Cairo. For the novel’s characters, the army’s presence in the city represents both an economic opportunity and a new form of exploitation.