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56 pages 1 hour read

Kurt Vonnegut Jr.

Mother Night

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1961

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Chapters 20-29Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 20 Summary: “‘Hangwoman for the Hangman of Berlin...”

Campbell details the death of his father-in-law after Resi and her mother moved away. He learns of it while reading a feature in a magazine where Noth is presented as the “Hangman of Berlin” (107), despite not having actually hanged anyone in his tenure as police chief of Berlin. The author of the article discusses Noth’s attempts to deal fairly with those he prosecutes, noting that the system of which he was a part refused to differentiate offenses and therefore punished all alike. The enslaved Russian and Polish people who overran Noth’s home and hanged him from an apple tree don’t know who he is, only that he was someone important.

Chapter 21 Summary: “My Best Friend...”

Campbell describes the last time he saw his best friend in Berlin. This occurs just before he visits his father-in-law, as the Russian army is advancing on Berlin. His friend, a man named Heinz, was his ping-pong doubles partner. By the end of the war, both men are destitute, and Heinz has a single motorcycle in his possession. He loans this to Campbell so he can visit Noth and Resi. This is the last time Campbell sees Heinz, though he learns the man survived the war and is working as a groundskeeper in Ireland.

Chapter 22 Summary: “The Contents of an Old Trunk...”

Helga shows Campbell a trunk of his preserved manuscripts that she retrieved from a theatre in Berlin, including everything he wrote: plays, poems, and an unpublished novel entitled Memoirs of a Monogamous Casanova. Campbell feels detached from the young man who write them, but Helga is ardent in her appreciation of them. Just then, Kraft enters the attic, searching for his pipe. He is agitated, but his irritating behavior serves to further bond Campbell and Helga.

Chapter 23 Summary: “Chapter Six Hundred and Forty-Three...”

Campbell details his unpublished novel, Memoirs of a Monogamous Casanova, which is an erotic diary he kept of his and Helga’s lovemaking during their younger years. He suggests it should be amended to include a final chapter, featuring their sexual reunion in a New York hotel room, and he provides the text for this chapter. After their passionate night, Campbell is smitten with Helga and the two go to buy a new bed for his attic. Helga worries that Campbell has changed, and won’t love her anymore, but Campbell assures her that there is nothing she can say that will cause him to stop loving her. The woman then reveals that she is not actually Helga but instead her younger sister, Resi.

Chapter 24 Summary: “A Polygamous Casanova...”

Resi admits to Campbell that much of what she told Campbell about her tribulations is true, but that while undergoing them she constantly daydreamed about being her sister, married to a handsome playwright. When she was repatriated, she identified herself as her sister to fulfill part of her daydream. She tells Campbell she has always loved him and asks if they can stay together if she continues to pretend she is Helga. Campbell accepts this offer, but Resi’s true youthful nature soon begins to show, causing Campbell to feel old.

Chapter 25 Summary: “The Answer to Communism...”

Resi and Campbell make their way back to his attic, stopping at bars along the way. Campbell speaks with a man who claims the answer to Communism is a militant recommitment to “fundamental values.” Another man, in another bar, claims to have the ability to satisfy many women.

Chapter 26 Summary: “In Which Private Irving Buchanan and Some Others are Memorialized...”

Resi and Campbell return to Campbell’s building, where they come across Campbell’s overflowing mailbox. He explains that he has been inundated with mail, both supportive and hateful, since The White Christian Minuteman published his address. A “bald, bristly” (144) man enters the building and recognizes Campbell. He displays a newspaper report that Israel is requesting Campbell be sent to them for a war crimes trial. Saying he wants to hurt Campbell before he loses his chance, he assaults Campbell, dedicating each attack to a different military serviceman who was killed in the war. Campbell is knocked unconscious and wakes in a room he doesn’t recognize, near a large picture of Adolf Hitler.

Chapter 27 Summary: “Finders Keepers...”

Campbell awakens in a cellar outfitted by August Krapptauer for The Iron Guard of the White Sons of the American Constitution, which is under the printing press for The White Christian Minuteman. Jones had Campbell examined after his attack, then brought him, Resi, and Kraft to a place where Resi suggests they are safe from “‘the Jews’” (151). She informs Campbell that Israel is no doubt sending commandos to capture him, as they did with Adolf Eichmann, and that Jones is currently trying to spirit them out of the country.

Chapter 28 Summary: “Target...”

Campbell visits Kraft in the shooting gallery next to the cellar. Kraft is shooting at a target, a crudely drawn hateful caricature of “a cigar-smoking Jew” (153), and Campbell recognizes it as his own work. He reflects on how greatly he benefitted from its popularity, though he did originally attempt to make it too ludicrous to be accepted. Its acceptance, he realizes, reflects “the soul’s condition in a man at war” (155). Kraft expresses his excitement that Campbell will begin writing again in the tropical location they are bound for, and asks permission to join Campbell and Resi, as Campbell is the only friend he has. Campbell accepts.

Chapter 29 Summary: “Adolf Eichmann and Me...”

Campbell stays in the cellar while he is recovering. Resi and Kraft tend to him and make plans for their escape, while Campbell passively listens, unwilling to take part. Israel increases its demands for Campbell’s surrender, Germany is unable to find records of his citizenship, Russia demands his execution, and an immense amount of vitriol is poured toward Campbell in America, as people break into his attic and wreck what they find. The narrative shifts forward in time, as Campbell reflects on meeting Adolf Eichmann in the prison in Jerusalem. Eichmann, one of the major organizers of the Holocaust, cheerily greets Campbell and asks for writing advice, as he is working on his own memoirs. Campbell asks him if he feels guilty for the six million deaths he caused, and Eichmann admits that he doesn’t. He insists, as he did during his war crimes trial, that he was simply following orders. Campbell is disgusted by this defense, a defense he ascribes to the whole German nation, and differentiates himself from Eichmann by admitting that at least he knew what he was doing was wrong, though he did it anyway.

Chapters 20-29 Analysis

In the 18th chapter, Werner Noth becomes a complicated figure of Nazi motivations, particularly contrasted against his ultimate fate in Chapter 20. He has clear moral values, and his attempts to live them out illustrate The Limits of Morality: To live a moral life as chief of the Berlin police in the early 1940s is an impossibility, and the reality of his position makes a mockery of his best intentions. Noth’s treatment of the enslaved woman is dehumanizing and insulting. He removes her from participation in the human race, and further, values a vase, a symbol of civilized decadence, over her own physical wellbeing. This appears to be an uncomplicated view of Nazi cruelty, but at the end of the chapter, Noth approaches the woman and takes a genuine interest in helping her better perform her tasks. It is a moment of apparent kindness and tenderness, but one that can occur only in the context of her servitude. The implication is that he can muster empathy for the woman only if it benefits himself, and only within the strictures of the rigid hierarchy that divides them. A similar irony characterizes Noth’s work as chief of the Berlin police. He tries to be just and evenhanded, carefully considering each person’s offense, but his efforts are flattened by the Nazis’ totalizing view of anyone deemed inferior to the Aryan ideal. Noth tries to differentiate between individuals, but the system of which he is a part refuses to do so, treating all as interchangeable forms to prosecute in the same way. And in this same way Noth is ultimately executed not for his personal crimes, but simply because he is “somebody important” (120), his own singular humanity stripped away. This casts a stark light on the nature of war crimes tribunals and the death penalty: Noth isn’t killed for any particular atrocity he commits, he is simply a figure, discarded and executed in the same way the Nazis treated others. Campbell’s single word question hangs over the entire bleak scene. “Good?” (110) he asks, interrogating the moral righteousness of killing someone for their crimes, and the barbaric manner in which it is practiced.

The comfortable banality of Campbell’s life is revealed by his denunciation of the Nazis at the end of Chapter 21. In discussing his good friend Heinz’s wife’s admiration for certain ambitious Nazis, Campbell admits he doesn’t share her conviction about those who trade in “slavery, destruction, and death” and that he doesn’t “consider people who work in those fields successful” (116). In terms of denunciations of the Nazi regime, it is a singularly tepid pronouncement, but it is Campbell’s first definitive statement against the Third Reich, couched in the comfort of his position in Germany.

Campbell chooses to include two poems he composed prior to beginning his work as an American spy and Nazi propagandist. The first, with its imagery of sunrise, ringing bells, and a maiden bearing refreshment, speaks to the idyllic age in which Campbell grew up, while the second holds a prophetic image of the colossal force of the Third Reich sweeping across the land. A hopelessness exists in the lines that speak to the state of Campbell’s spirit just before the war, and further colors Campbell’s ultimate decision to become an American agent.

Campbell’s choices in designing the antisemitic target used by Kraft in Chapter 28 reflects his overall approach to his work. He chooses to exaggerate the cartoonish aspects of the archetype, believing that by doing so he will undermine the efficacy of the image—that people will surely recognize it as ludicrous. He overdoes characterizations to ridiculous extents, using tired tropes and un-truths, but the bitter irony is that these obvious absurdities are accepted as rightful and true. Campbell’s audience makes no distinction between fiction and reality—to them, the more obviously absurd the fiction, the truer it seems. In this context, Campbell’s insistence on the distinction between his own “true” self and his performance feels flimsier than ever.

When Campbell encounters Eichmann in prison in the middle of the novel, he is ready to accept his guilt, especially after seeing Eichmann’s defense of simply following orders writ across the entirety of Germany. Campbell realizes that he, too, has been using this defense to distance himself from the consequences of his work. The discussion of The Psychological Struggle With Guilt is the moral center of the novel, and hints at the process Campbell has yet to go through in the past. While Eichmann blithely pretends that the consequences of his actions are meaningless, beyond good and evil, Campbell holds himself superior to Eichmann, for he does have a sense of morality and is acutely aware of the consequences of his actions (166).

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