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Charles DickensA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Convinced that Eugene will lead him to Lizzie, Headstone follows Eugene up the Thames. They pass the lock where Riderhood opens and closes the canal to allow boats to pass. Headstone speaks to Riderhood, who notices how closely Headstone has begun to dress like him. Since Eugene is staying at an inn, Headstone will continue pursuing him the next day. In the meantime, he stays with Riderhood. The following day, he reveals that he has seen Eugene meeting with Lizzie. As he speaks, his nose begins bleeding. At Riderhood’s suggestion, Headstone lies down to rest. Riderhood notices that Headstone is now wearing a “bright-red neckerchief” that matches Riderhood’s own.
The Boffins give money to the Lammles as thanks for the information about John’s intentions toward Bella. However, Boffin refuses to hire Lammle as his new secretary. Georgiana enters, saddened by the news of the Lammles’ recent financial struggles and lamenting her father’s orders to never associate with them. She tries to gift them money and jewelry, but after she leaves, Boffin ensures that these gifts will be returned. Mrs. Lammle thanks him for his discretion, though her husband is annoyed that they cannot keep the gifts. With the money from the Boffins, the Lammles plan to move abroad.
Later that night, Boffin and Venus go to meet Silas. Venus has warned Boffin that Silas intends to demand money from him. When all three men talk, Silas issues his demands: He wants two-thirds of Boffin’s estate, including profits from the dust heaps, and he wants John to be fired (which has already happened). Mulling on how to respond, Boffin asks to see the will. They read it together in Venus’s shop, with Silas mocking Boffin. He will keep a close eye on Boffin, he says, but Boffin asks that they keep this a secret from his wife. Silas mocks Boffin but promises to do so.
Bella sneaks away from her family and goes to Greenwich with her father. There, she marries John in a secret ceremony. She informs her mother via a letter that she and John have married, pretending that her father knew nothing. The newlyweds set up a small but comfortable home.
Mr. Wilfer finds that his wife and other daughter are harboring “extreme bitterness.” Several weeks pass and Bella visits; her clear happiness allows the family to forgive her elopement. Afterward, she talks with John, assuring him that she is happy and that she does not want riches. Time passes and Bella devotes herself to becoming a housewife. Occasionally, her husband asks whether she would like to be wealthy, but she always assures him that she is very happy. After some time, she becomes pregnant.
Lizzie is working in a paper mill. Eugene visits her, though Lizzie is careful to keep him at a distance. He confesses to her that he came to look for her. They argue, with Lizzie insistent that they cannot be together. Lizzie tells Eugene to leave her be; otherwise, she will be forced to relocate again. Reluctantly, Eugene agrees and makes plans to return to London the next day. After the meeting, he wanders around in a despondent mood. Someone wearing a red handkerchief attacks Eugene, beating him savagely and throwing him into the river. Lizzie, not too far away, hears the sound of the attack. She rushes to the water and calls out to a passing boatman. They drag the victim ashore. Horrified to see the injured Eugene, she takes him to a nearby inn where he can receive medical treatment.
Headstone arrives at Riderhood’s cottage at dawn. As Headstone sleeps, Riderhood becomes convinced that Headstone is the man who attacked Eugene. When Headstone wakes, Riderhood tells him that Lizzie saved Eugene. During their breakfast, Headstone cuts himself with a knife, apparently by accident. His blood spills on Riderhood’s clothes. When Headstone leaves that evening, Riderhood follows. He watches Headstone throw his clothes in the river and dress himself in an outfit that resembles Riderhood’s. Before he heads home, Riderhood fishes a “bundle” from the river. Headstone returns to London, his mind gripped by regrets that he failed to execute his plan properly. When Charley confronts him about the attack on Eugene the next day, Headstone is quiet. Charley asks him to say nothing, as he does not want to hear anything incriminating from his mentor. He resents Headstone for implicating him in this situation. He denounces Headstone and leaves to pursue his dream of a respectable future.
Jenny believes that Riah betrayed Lizzie, so she resolves not to tell him anything further. Fledgeby appears one day at Jenny’s store and offers her a large amount of business to tell him Lizzie’s location. Jenny hesitantly arranges to meet him the following day, though she makes no promises. He leaves, assuming that he will get what he wants, while Jenny ponders the details of whatever he is plotting. The following morning, she goes to his house but is denied entry, as Fledgeby is in another meeting. Lammle eventually emerges. When Jenny goes into Fledgeby’s office, she finds him badly hurt: Lammle beat him with the stick and poured “salt and snuff” into his throat (722). Rather than help Fledgeby, Jenny dresses him in vinegar-soaked bandages and leaves, pleased with herself.
Early in their marriage, John seeks Bella’s assurance that she does not need to be rich to be happy. The criteria that John Harmon set himself when returning to England has been met, as Bella chose to marry him at what seemed to be his nadir. These questions are therefore not principally motivated by a need for her to disavow mercenary greed; rather, John is seeking reassurance about himself. He is still living under a false name and is subconsciously unsure of himself. As such, Bella’s affirmation reaffirms his decisions and validates his identity, developing the theme of The Relationship Between Names and Identity.
The downfall of the Lammles functions as a complementary narrative to the love of John and Bella; the Lammles marry before they understand one another rather than waiting to determine whether they are right for one another. The success of the former marriage is mirrored by the failure of the latter. Not only do the Lammles resent and blame each other, but the collapse of their schemes forces them to go abroad, showing that they would rather live in anonymity than take jobs and surrender their class status. Previously, Mrs. Lammle showed some signs of recognizing her mistakes; spurred by her husband’s cruel and abusive behavior, she took steps to ensure that Georgiana Podsnap did not end up in a similarly unhappy marriage. Ultimately, however, class loyalty (or, at least, loyalty to the illusion of belonging to a particular class) proves stronger than her moral impulses, and her departure with her husband cuts short her abortive redemption arc.
Before the Lammles leave the country for good, however, they pay one final visit to Fledgeby. Though Lammle is himself a villainous character, his outburst of violence against the moneylender is a cathartic moment of retribution for Fledgeby’s lies. Throughout the novel, Fledgeby has lied to many people and exploited many more. He has made a fortune from the misery of others, which finally comes back to haunt him when the Lammles become the instruments of rightful vengeance against a parasitic figure.
By contrast, the attack on Eugene is a brutal expression of male jealousy and class resentment. Lizzie has repeatedly told Headstone that she will not be his wife, making it clear that his aggression and violence actually scare her. Rather than accept her refusal, however, Headstone focuses his pent-up rage on a man who is supposedly his romantic rival and whose privileged background reminds Headstone of how hard he has had to work to achieve modest success. The brutal nature of his attack corresponds to his brutal refusal to accept Lizzie’s agency. The irony of the attack is that, by nearly killing Eugene in an attempt to make Lizzie love him, Headstone becomes everything Lizzie feared.
Headstone’s attack on Eugene is also an important turning point in the latter’s character arc (and relationship with Lizzie). Though less aggressively than Headstone, Eugene has also failed to respect Lizzie’s wishes. In fact, in the moment before the attack, he seems to have resolved to seduce her: “Out of the question to marry her […] and out of the question to leave her” (698). This is precisely the outcome Lizzie has feared throughout her relationship with Eugene. Besides ruining Lizzie’s reputation, acting on this impulse would transform Eugene from a morally gray, Byronic-style hero to an outright villain. Headstone’s attack effectively saves both of them, presenting Eugene with an opportunity for redemption.
By Charles Dickens