47 pages • 1 hour read
Dorothy Hoobler, Thomas HooblerA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
It is the mid-summer bon festival in Edo, and the streets are crowded. Outside the actors’ inn, Seikei spots Tomomi’s blue kimono, and he follows the actor. Seikei is questioned by a guard who tells him that the only person to have passed is a geisha on her way to Hakuseki’s. When Seikei says that he works for Ooka, the man lets him pass. Though he hears footsteps behind him, Seikei continues to the daimyo’s home and resolves to wait for Tomomi.
After accidentally dozing off, footsteps awaken Seikei. When he pursues the sound, someone attacks him, and he strikes out with his wooden sword. It is Tomomi, dressed as a geisha. He asks Seikei if he has seen the “spirits.” Tonight, Tomomi says, spirits return to earth to see if their descendants honor them. He asks if Seikei remembers the line Tomomi taught him, and Seikei repeats it.
Tomomi addresses his parents, as if they are swirling in the air around him, and vows to keep his promise to them. Tomomi tells Seikei they have one day to practice his new play before performing it for Hakuseki and the shogun. The shogun cannot go to the theater, even in disguise, so the performance will take place at Hakuseki’s home.
There will be Kirishitans in the play. The religion arrived in Japan 200 years before, but when the shogun feared rebellion, it was outlawed. The play focuses on Tomomi’s own family, with Seikei playing the young Genji. Tomomi will play Nanaho, Genji’s mother, a noble samurai woman. Another actor will play Lord Shakuheki, a thinly-veiled Lord Hakuseki, who loves Nanaho, though she rejects him in favor of Takezaki Kita, a Kirishitan, and secretly converts to his religion.
When Shakuheki discovers this, he offers to spare Nanaho and Genji if she renounces the Kirishitan religion. Nanaho tells her husband about Shakuheki’s threat, and the Takezakis prepare to fight. There is a battle between the Shakuhekis and Takezakis, and Genji’s father is killed. Nanaho takes his sword—the one from Tomomi’s trunk—and she and Genji flee. She gives Genji the sword, then “choos[es] the honorable death of seppuku” (175). When Shakuheki finds them, the daimyo slashes Genji’s cheek, and Genji vows to disgrace him. There is another final scene, but Tomomi and the actor playing Shakuheki will rehearse it in secret.
Seikei tries to tell Kazuo about the play’s resemblance to Tomomi’s real life and how much it will offend Hakuseki, but Kazuo dismisses the idea. Seikei feels he is honor-bound to see this through, though he knows it could cost him his life.
Seikei is too nervous to eat. He considers Tomomi’s choice to live as an actor despite being a samurai. He recalls the sword, which he held but never unsheathed, and thinks of how “It remained hidden, like the secrets that Tomomi had yet to reveal” (180). He realizes the actor’s trunk is the perfect hiding place for a weapon because no one bothers to look inside the troupe’s trunks.
Arriving at Hakuseki’s home, Seikei notes the differences between his garden and Ooka’s. Hakuseki’s is gorgeous, inviting the viewer to contemplate the greatness of its lord, while Ooka’s encourages the viewer to look within and contemplate him- or herself. Inside, the audience sits behind screens because they are too high in rank to be looked upon by the actors. If the audience enjoys the play, Kazuo tells Seikei, they will widen the slits in the screens.
During the performance, Tomomi seems like “a goddess come to earth” (184). Seikei notes the widening of the slits in the screens. When Tomomi, dressed as Nanaho, sings about the two men who love her, Seikei hears Hakuseki gasp. Seikei realizes that Tomomi knows the daimyo cannot interrupt the play; Hakuseki must control his anger because samurai cannot draw their swords in the shogun’s presence. Seikei feels himself transformed into Genji, and he finally understands the reasons for Tomomi’s years-long pursuit of vengeance.
In the final scene, Nanaho’s ghost hurls insults at a sleeping Shakuheki, accusing him of stealing her family’s ruby and how she will prevent him from giving it to the shogun. At this, Hakuseki crashes through the screen in a rage. Tomomi taunts him, asserting his own real identity as the son of Takezaki Kita, the samurai from whom Hakuseki stole the jewel.
Under the kimono, Tomomi carries his Kirishitan sword. Hakuseki raises his weapon, but Tomomi—who is nimbler and more graceful—slashes the man’s cheek, striking him again and again. Seikei understands that Tomomi avoids killing Hakuseki because this would be an honorable death. As samurai wearing the shogun’s crest surround Tomomi, the shogun reveals himself and nods his approval. Tomomi uncovers his neck and drops to his knees. He is beheaded, with a huge smile on his face. Ooka steps forward and closes Tomomi’s eyes.
Bunzo wakes Seikei, telling him to ready himself for a tea ceremony. He is not permitted to wear his sword because there, symbolically, all people are equals. Bunzo accompanies Seikei to the shogun’s palace. When Seikei enters the teahouse, he sees Ooka and the shogun, and he thinks the shogun looks like other merchants from Osaka.
The shogun makes tea, sharing it with Ooka, who passes it to Seikei. Seikei identifies the rare tea and where it was grown. When the shogun asks how Seikei knows so much, Seikei admits that he is the son of a tea merchant. At this, the shogun smiles widely, and Ooka declares that Seikei has many commendable talents. The shogun wishes to hear how Ooka solved the crime.
Ooka credits Seikei for his bravery in sharing what he saw at the inn. He recounts how the discovery of the tunnel implicated the innkeeper. Ooka did not torture the man but, rather, left him alone with the instruments of torture; this led the innkeeper to commit death by seppuku. Ooka realized that the innkeeper wouldn’t die by suicide to protect an actor unless that man was his lord.
When Ooka learned the troupe was performing The Forty-Seven Ronin, Ooka recalled the ronin who made people think they’d lost honor so they could plot revenge in secret, just like Tomomi did. Seikei’s interactions with Tomomi gave the judge crucial information about Tomomi’s family. The shogun calls Hakuseki a “dishonorable man” who could not commit death by seppuku. Seikei realizes that Tomomi condemned Hakuseki to death by forcing the daimyo to draw his sword in the shogun’s presence.
The shogun wonders why Tomomi did not commit death by seppuku, and Ooka says this is because Kirishitans do not die by suicide. To the shogun, this demonstrates the danger of Kirishitan ideas, which would erode samurai traditions if allowed to spread. In the interest of maintaining tradition, Ooka refers to the practice whereby childless samurai adopt sons to carry on their names, and he asks the shogun to grant him guardianship of Seikei if Seikei’s father agrees. The shogun cautions Seikei not to disgrace him and gives his consent to this plan.
As the final chapters unfold, the novel’s most important themes are further substantiated by the mystery’s resolution and Seikei’s reward. Seikei has long wrestled with the problem of Personal Ambition Versus Societal Expectations, and his fervent adherence to the samurai code of honor—despite his merchant family’s low rank—compels him to see the case through, no matter the danger to himself. His sense of duty to Ooka makes it impossible for Seikei to back away from responsibility: He “was pledged to follow [the path] to the very end” (178), further demonstrating his potential as a samurai.
In a similar vein, Seikei’s realization that the shogun “looked much like the merchants in Osaka who were his father’s friends” (200) reveals how arbitrary the assignation of status and power is when it depends on one’s birth. The shogun’s common appearance suggests that he could just as easily have been born the son of a merchant rather than a samurai—chance alone rendered him a person of rank. Likewise, despite a hereditary claim to samurai status, Hakuseki never behaves honorably, nor does he possess talent in writing or swordplay. The example of Hakuseki suggests that, just as someone like Seikei can demonstrate aptitude for a higher rank through personal merit, so too can someone high-ranking reveal themselves to be unworthy of their status.
Ooka’s appreciation for Seikei’s noble qualities and talents leads him to seek out a way to reward the boy. Despite the shogun’s fear that Kirishitan values would erode samurai culture, even he is forced to admit that “There really aren’t many true samurai anymore” (210), echoing the earlier sentiments of Seikei’s father when he claimed that daimyo make bad customers. Hakuseki’s shame, Seikei’s tenacious honor, Ooka’s exploitation of the adoption loophole, and the shogun’s granting of Ooka’s wish acknowledge the flaws in samurai culture. In allowing Sekei’s adoption, the shogun demonstrates a willingness to give someone of virtue the chance to become a samurai despite his lowly social origins.
A significant part of Seikei’s development from a naïve but honorable boy into an experienced, insightful young man is tied to his recognition of The Deceptiveness of Appearances. He contemplates Tomomi’s choices, first with confusion and later with empathy and understanding. He recalls the Kirishitan sword from Tomomi’s trunk, thinking of how “It remained hidden, like the secrets that Tomomi had yet to reveal” (180). Just as people like Bunzo underestimate Seikei and the other characters in The Forty-Seven Ronin underestimate the disgraced ronin, Seikei watches as people underestimate the actors. Tomomi can smuggle his very real sword into Hakuseki’s house because “No one thought [the actors’ trunks] worthy of a second glance” (181). In this way, Seikei learns the dangers of underestimating anyone and the benefits of trying to understand an individual and their motivations—why one becomes a solitary, “bent tree” rather than a tall, straight one (See: Symbols & Motifs).
This deceptiveness is also tied to the tension produced by the disconnect between an individual’s ambition and society’s expectations of them. If merchants can be as honorable as samurai ought to be and samurai can be as dishonorable as merchants are said to be, then assumptions about an individual’s character based on his or her family status can be wildly misleading rather than helpful. As a result of his natural wisdom and Ooka’s careful influence, Seikei comes to understand “the sorrow and the anger that had made Tomomi pursue Lord Hakuseki for years until this night, when he would avenge his honor” (187).
In understanding Tomomi, Seikei reveals how he has developed greater emotional maturity over the course of his character arc. Seikei realizes that a person’s honor has more to do with their choices than it does with their status—a more nuanced understanding than the one he held prior to meeting the judge. Thus, The Importance of Honor rather than birth, and the role their contrast plays in Seikei’s new status, helps to resolve the dilemma of Personal Ambition Versus Societal Expectations in the novel.
Action & Adventure
View Collection
Appearance Versus Reality
View Collection
Asian American & Pacific Islander...
View Collection
Books on Justice & Injustice
View Collection
Childhood & Youth
View Collection
Class
View Collection
Class
View Collection
Japanese Literature
View Collection
Juvenile Literature
View Collection
Loyalty & Betrayal
View Collection
Revenge
View Collection
School Book List Titles
View Collection
The Past
View Collection