logo

56 pages 1 hour read

John Irving

The World According To Garp

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1978

A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.

Chapters 1-4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary: “Boston Mercy”

Content Warning: This section discusses graphic depictions of sexual violence and rape; derogatory language toward gay, trans, and women characters; violence against children, including sexual violence; self-mutilation; and suicidal ideation.

It’s 1942, and Jenny Fields is arrested. Irving provides more of her backstory; she is a college dropout from a wealthy family who is studying to become a nurse, much to the chagrin of her upper-class parents. Her parents, especially her mother, try to monitor her sexuality, and she feels increasingly detached from her parents and brothers. They fear that she will have premarital sex that will prevent her from finding a wealthy husband.

She is arrested when a soldier assaults her in a movie theater and she retaliates by stabbing him with a scalpel that she always carries with her. Bleeding heavily, the soldier flees to the lobby, where Jenny (still in her nurse’s uniform) is asked to provide medical care; however, since she was covered in blood when she entered the lobby, the onlookers soon realize that she is the one who stabbed him. The police try to force her to admit that she was on a date with the soldier, but she adamantly tells the truth. Jenny remains completely uninterested in sex.

Jenny’s coworkers on the neonatal floor at the hospital where she works don’t quite know what to make of her, especially after she mentions that she is looking for a man “to make her pregnant—just that, and nothing more” (14). Several coworkers proposition her, but she does not want to sleep with a coworker. She is reassigned to intensive care, where she meets several soldiers. One of the soldiers, T. S. Garp, was a ball turret gunner who sustained a serious head injury and does not have long to live. He is only able to say his name and masturbate. Jenny cares for him and treats him like a baby.

As Garp rapidly deteriorates, Jenny decides that he fulfills her qualifications of a potential impregnating partner. He is unable to consent to any sexual activity, but she ignores this and assumes that he would enjoy any advances from her. She tracks her ovulation and assaults him and becomes pregnant. Once her pregnancy is noticeable, she is fired from the hospital and retreats to her parents’ house. Her parents are displeased and want her to just hide in their house for the rest of her pregnancy. She names her baby T. S. Garp.

Chapter 2 Summary: “Blood and Blue”

Jenny’s parents want her to stay in their home, but she is determined to work and be independent. She secures a job as a nurse at the Steering School, a private boarding school. The school is very elite, but she easily navigates social pressure. When her new coworkers or students ask about Garp’s father, she tells them that he was a soldier killed in the war and there was no time to get married during the war. She is satisfied with this story, and it only adds to her intrigue as more people realize who her wealthy parents are. She does not care what people think about her and is content with her asexuality. Her oddness is magnified by the fact that she attends classes in her free time, and she starts a considerable book collection. Over time, she gains a reputation as a curator of a personal library that rivals (or even exceeds) the school’s library.

Jenny is promoted to Steering’s head nurse when Garp is five years old. She has become a mother figure for many of the students. Garp gains a reputation as an odd child who is constantly climbing. He is something of a younger brother to many of the students, and he often has free rein of the infirmary. One night, Jenny cannot find her son. She searches everywhere she can think of that he might be playing. A lacrosse player named Hathaway confesses that he taught Garp how to catch pigeons on the roof with his now-missing lacrosse stick. Jenny runs to the roof, where she sees Garp clinging to the collapsing gutter four stories high. A crowd gathers below, and Dean Bodger (“Mad Dog”) orders students to place a mattress where little Garp might fall. Jenny pulls Garp onto the fire escape just before the gutter collapses, killing the pigeon Garp was chasing.

Garp grows up alongside the Percy family. Stewart (“Stewie”/“Fat Stew”) Percy is a large, unpleasant man who teaches one class at Steering. His wife, Midge Steering, is an heiress with a reputation for vacuity. Their children are also silly and spoiled. Garp feuds with Bonkers, the Percys’ Newfoundland dog, who is unusually bad-tempered. Bonkers eventually tears off part of Garp’s ear. Upon examining the injury, Fat Stew looks into Garp’s eyes and declares that the five-year-old resembles a “Jap.” He then spreads a rumor that Garp’s father was Japanese, fomenting animosity toward Garp’s mother, who will say only that Garp’s father was killed during World War II. Jenny works hard to make sure that Garp can hold his own within the strict social environment of the Steering School.

Chapter 3 Summary: “What He Wanted to Be When He Grew Up”

When Jenny audited classes seemingly for fun, she was actually evaluating which classes she thought would be best for her son. Garp is prepared for his academic life because of his mother’s investigation. He is not prepared to choose a sports team, though, and Jenny laments this oversight on her part. Jenny investigates the wrestling gym, where she meets coach Ernie Holm and his daughter, Helen, a voracious reader. Jenny bears a striking resemblance to Helen’s mother, who abandoned her family, and Ernie and Helen are stupefied by this coincidence. They both seem to be entranced by Jenny.

After meeting Ernie and signing up for the team, Garp discovers a love of wrestling and is determined to win over Helen. Helen is very clever and a harsh literary critic, and this just makes him more attracted to her. He decides to try to become a real writer to win her affection.

Chapter 4 Summary: “Graduation”

Garp starts writing short stories. Girls are not allowed to attend Steering, and Helen is sent to Talbot Academy. One weekend when she visits home, Garp gives her a story to read. Helen is unimpressed by his writing, but Tinch, Garp’s English teacher, encourages him to keep trying. Tinch is a kindly old man with terrible breath, and his students constantly tease him about it. Tinch dies on a winter night when he falls after returning from a faculty party, freezing to death. Garp learns of this when he runs into a former classmate in New York City. The classmate is unsympathetic, but Garp was very fond of Tinch.

Despite his feelings for Helen, Garp is determined to lose his virginity by any means necessary, and he invites Cushie Percy to an outdoor spot known for student liaisons. Cushie is annoyed that Garp did not bring a condom but agrees to perform oral sex on him. They are interrupted when they see her dad and his friends playing golf on the other side of the river. They agree to meet again the next weekend, but Cushie cancels because her dad knows what Garp was trying to do.

Helen encourages Garp to go to Europe to pursue his writing career, and when Jenny hears of this plan, Jenny decides to accompany Garp. Garp is displeased but doesn’t know how to change the situation. He drinks beer with his mom, who falls into a deep sleep. Garp takes the opportunity to sneak out and meet up with Cushie. They have sex three times, and he bites her dog’s ear.

Chapters 1-4 Analysis

The opening chapters immediately clarify that a key theme of the text is Gender Roles and Modern Marriage. The motif of lust immediately introduces conflict. Jenny’s lifelong conviction that lust is an inherently male attribute that makes all men dangerous and means all women must be capable of independent action is solidified by her experience with the soldier in the theater. The structure of Chapter 1 effectively builds tension by beginning with the statement that Jenny is arrested and then offering her backstory and additional details that make her arrest more shocking than it first appeared to be. Lust is a catalyst for male violence, but it also catalyzes slow violence and the breakdown of the family unit; Jenny’s parents assume that she is as lustful as the men around her and are not willing to consider any other possibility. Determined to prove that she is not driven by lust, Jenny commits an act of sexual violence just like that which she feared being a victim of. Jenny’s impregnation establishes a core tenet of her particular brand of feminism: She believes that to overcome traditional gender roles and binaries of expectations for women, she must live as un-lustfully as possible. For Jenny, lust is equated with vulnerability, and vulnerability is equated with submission.

The contemplation of and attempt to defy traditional gender roles often triggers considerable anxiety. Attempting to live a life completely foreign to everyone around her, Jenny breaks new ground for herself and her son. Irving posits that traditional gender roles are accepted because they do not require radical thinking or the effort to make a change; in subverting social conventions, Jenny must constantly adapt to a world designed for a two-parent household. Garp also recognizes that he is sometimes separated from other boys by his lack of a father figure, and he feels considerable anxiety when contemplating performances of masculinity. As a boy who does not know his father, Garp must carve his own path without a strong example to follow.

Through an examination of the relationship between Garp and the women in his life, Irving demonstrates the theme of Male Impotence. The primary definition of impotence is of course sexual; Garp’s embarrassment in his first sexual encounter with Cushie stems less from physical performance than it does from his lack of knowledge about something that Cushie assumes all boys know about. Garp feels powerless because he does not know what is expected of him, and he vows never to feel like a sexual novice again.

Male impotence can also refer to powers of decision-making and control over one’s life. Jenny’s tendencies toward extreme caregiving render her somewhat of an overbearing parent. While she could be using the extra education for her own gain, she spends years attending classes for the betterment of her son. This action might be admirable, but it deprives Garp of independent decision-making later. The idea of “weaponized incompetence” offers one way to consider this section. Garp is raised by a strong, opinionated woman with an incredible capacity for nurturing; Jenny’s independence means that Garp can often occupy a passive role. Helen is similarly independent, and Garp is used to not needing to take care of himself because the women in his life will make choices for him. Garp learns that if he fails, Jenny or Helen will compensate for his failures. Jenny sometimes is domineering and assumes that because he is male, Garp is incompetent. This perhaps feeds into Garp’s complicated relationship with feminism; he believes that women are inherently superior because men have no chance at redeeming themselves.

The difficulty of separating Autobiography and Fiction is foreshadowed in this section. The juxtaposition of lines from Jenny’s memoir with descriptions of these real events unfolding suggests that Jenny and Garp are forever destined to have their literature entwined with their lived experiences. The repetition of Jenny’s observation that women are destined to be viewed as a wife or as a “whore” emphasizes the harsh dichotomy of Jenny’s worldview, and Irving communicates that Jenny’s writing will forever be defined by this binary. Garp is also destined to be defined by the translation of his lived experiences into his writing. Like many young writers, he struggles to create art when he has such little experience to inspire it. Garp worries that his ability to win over Helen directly correlates to his ability to create great literature, which is totally reliant on his ability to seek out interesting experiences. To write interesting literature, Garp must lead an interesting life. 

blurred text
blurred text
blurred text
blurred text